<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nguhist</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История, филология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-7919</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Novosibirsk State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-114-124</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nguhist-1393</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АРХЕОЛОГИЯ ЕВРАЗИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARCHAEOLOGY OF EURASIA</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Об оборонительных сооружениях бакальской культуры (по материалам Старо-Лыбаевского-1 городища, лесостепное Зауралье)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Defensive Buildings of the Bakalskaya Culture (The Staro-Lybaevskoe-1 Settlement in the Forest-Steppe Trans-Urals)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-0561</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеева</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveeva</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Петровна Матвеева, доктор исторических наук</p><p>Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia P. Matveeva, Doctor of Sciences (History)</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nataliamatveeva1703@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Матвеева Н.П., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Matveeva N.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nguhist.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1393">https://nguhist.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1393</self-uri><abstract><p>Проведена реконструкция внешнего вида и трудозатрат на возведение оборонительных сооружений городища Старо-Лыбаевского-1 на левом берегу Тобола. Поселение принадлежит бакальской культуре западносибирской лесостепи, дважды использовалось в средневековый период. В IV–V вв. поселок был окружен рвом и древесно-земляной стеной в виде тарасов, впоследствии был заброшен. Вернувшееся в VII–IX вв. на высокий останец население снова построило земляную стену из культурного слоя площадки, сделав ее в два раза шире, чем прежде. Для усиления защиты на нее поставили забор, несколько превышающий рост человека, и углубили ров, создав в целом рубеж около 5,5 м высотой. Прослежена тенденция к возрастанию трудовых затрат на оборонительные конструкции и кратковременность их эксплуатации.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. The purpose of this article is to evaluate defensive potentialities of the Middle Age population in the Trans-Urals. The main task is to reconstruct the exterior of the fortified areas and the necessary amount of work.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The defensive buildings of the Staro-Libayevskoye-1 fortified settlement were used. It has been established on the terrace of the Middle Tobol river and had the 5-angle form, size 65 × 75 m and a simple rampart-and-ditch line with two approach gates. This square was used for habitation twice in Middle age epoch. Apparently, large earthworks were not carried out due to the features of the relief, which had a height difference of 2 meters; considering the wooden wall and the ditch depth. Based on the analysis of the archaeological finds and the cultural layer, we established that in the early period of the Bakalskaya culture (4th – 5th centuries) the settlement was encircled with timber-framed wall and the terrace slope possibly played a role of a berm. The inhabitants created a defense line minimum of 5.5–6 meters in height. We assume that there was exacerbation of social and local conflicts, and the population sought to prevent these conflicts by strengthening defense. The Ustyug-1 synchronous cemetery testifies to the existence of a constant military threat, such as attacks by migrants and conflicts with the use of weapons. Later, in 8th – 10th centuries the settlers used traditional methods and created a new earthen wall. It was built two times wider, then earlier, using pre-existing land cultural layer. The settlers abandoned the laborious movement of soil from the ditch to the height of the wall. For greater protection, they equipped the earthen rampart with timber-frame structures and created a barrier 5.5 meters high.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Concluding, we suggest that a dangerous military situation persisted during this period, as evidenced by samples of weapons and a cemetery in the settlement. The study also revealed a trend towards increasing labor costs for fortifications construction.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>археология</kwd><kwd>Средневековье</kwd><kwd>Западная Сибирь</kwd><kwd>бакальская культура</kwd><kwd>военное дело</kwd><kwd>фортификация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>archaeology</kwd><kwd>Middle Ages</kwd><kwd>Bakalskaya culture</kwd><kwd>war affair</kwd><kwd>ramparts</kwd><kwd>ditches</kwd><kwd>labour costs</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке РФФИ, грант № 19-59-23006 «Проблема трансформации культуры мадьяр на пути обретения родины», Фонда «За русский язык и культуру в Венгрии» и гранта РФФИ № 20-49-720001 «Роль миграций в историко-культурной динамике юга Западной Сибири в эпоху Средневековья» по соглашению с администрацией Тюменской области</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian fundamental Research fund, project no. 19-59-23006 “The problem of Magyar culture transformation on the conquest of motherland”, fund “For Russian language and culture in Hungary” and project no. 20-49-720001 “The role of migrations in historical and cultural dynamic of southern Western Siberia in Middle Ages epoch” with Tyumen region administration agreement</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берлина С. В. Жилая и оборонительная архитектура населения западносибирской лесостепи в раннем железном веке (по материалам саргатской культуры): Автореф. дис. … канд. ист. наук. Тюмень, 2010. 18 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berlina S. V. Residential and defensive architecture of the West Siberian forest-steppe in the Early Iron Age (based on the Sargatsky culture). Abstract of Cand. Hist. Sci. Diss. Tyumen, 2010, 18 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Берлина С. В., Костомаров В. М., Попов Н. А. Городища лесного Тоболо-Ишимья в эпоху бронзы – средневековье (опыт классификации и анализа в среде ГИС) // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2013. № 3. С. 79–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berlina S. V., Kostomarov V. M., Popov N. A. Gorodishcha lesnogo Tobolo-Ishim'ya v epokhu bronzy – srednevekov'e (opyt klassifikatsii i analiza v srede GIS) [Settlements of the Tobol-Ishim'e forest settlement in the Bronze-Medieval epoch (the Classification and Analysis Experience in the GIS Environment)]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography], 2013, no. 3, pp. 79–86. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борзунов В. А. Укрепления с бастионно-башенными фортификациями начала железного века Урала и Западной Сибири // Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ в зеркале прошлого. Томск; Ханты-Мансийск: Изд-во Том. ун-та, 2014. Вып. 12. С. 380–415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borzunov V. A. Ukrepleniya s bastionno-bashennymi fortifikatsiyami nachala zheleznogo veka Urala i Zapadnoi Sibiri [Fortifications with bastion-tower fortifications of the early Iron Age in the Urals and Western Siberia]. In: Khanty-Mansiiskii avtonomnyi okrug v zerkale proshlogo [Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug in the mirror of the past]. Tomsk, Khanty-Mansiisk, TSU Press, 2014, vol. 12, pp. 380–415. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">История Сибири. Железный век и Средневековье / Под ред. В. И. Молодина. Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2019. Т. 2. 643 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslyuzhenko D. N. Etnopoliticheskaya istoriya lesostepnogo Pritobol'ya v Srednie veka [Ethno- political History of forest-steppe Pre-Tobolie in the Middle Ages]. Kurgan, Kurgan State Uni. Press, 2008, 167 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев А. В., Матвеева Н. П., Панфилов А. Н., Буслова М. А., Зах В. А., Могильников В. А. Археологическое наследие Тюменской области. Памятники лесостепи и подтаежной полосы. Новосибирск: Наука, 1995. 240 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev A. V., Matveeva N. P., Panfilov A. N., Buslova M. A., Zakh V. A., Mogilnikov V. A. Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Tyumenskoi oblasti. Pamyatniki lesostepi i podtaezhnoi polosy [Archaeological Heritage of Tyumen Region. Monuments of Forest-Steppe and Sub-Taiga Strips]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1995, 240 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маслюженко Д. Н. Этнополитическая история лесостепного Притоболья в Средние века. Курган, 2008. 167 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P. Zapadnaya Sibir' v epokhu Velikogo pereseleniya narodov (problemy kul'turogeneza po dannym pogrebal'nykh pamyatnikov [Western Siberia in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples (problems of cultural genesis according to funerary monuments)]. Tyumen, Tyumen State Uni. Press, 2016, 264 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П. Западная Сибирь в эпоху Великого переселения народов (проблемы культурогенеза по данным погребальных памятников). Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2016. 264 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P., Alieva T. A. Bashni v fortifikatsionnom stroitel'stve rannego zheleznogo veka (sargatskaya kul'tura) [Towers in the fortification construction of the Early Iron Age (Sargat culture)]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya [Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History], 2016, no. 4 (42), pp. 140–142. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П., Алиева Т. А. Башни в фортификационном строительстве раннего железного века (саргатская культура) // Вестник Том. гос. ун-та. История. 2016. № 4 (42). С. 140–142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P., Larina N. S., Berlina S. V., Chikunova I. Yu. Kompleksnoe izuchenie uslovii zhizni drevnego naseleniya Zapadnoi Sibiri [Integrated study of the conditions of life of the ancient population of Western Siberia.]. Novosibirsk, SB RAS Publ., 2005, 228 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П., Берлина С. В., Рафикова Т. Н. Коловское городище. Археолого-палео-экологическое исследование. Новосибирск: Наука, 2008. 228 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P., Berlina S. V., Rafikova T. N. Kolovskoe gorodishche. Arkheologo-paleoekologicheskoe issledovanie [Kolovskoe settlement. Archaeological and paleoecological research]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2008, 228 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П., Зеленков А. С. Селище Старо-Лыбаевское-1Б // Ab origine: Археолого-этнографический сборник Тюменского университета. Тюмень: из-во ТюмГУ, 2016. Вып. 8. C. 66–87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P., Tretyakov E. A. Modeli ekspluatatsii prostranstva bakal'skim naseleniem rannego Srednevekov'ya (po dannym Kolovskogo gorodishcha) [Models of exploitation of space by the Bakalskaya culture population of the early Middle Ages (according to the Kolovo settlement)]. In: Chelovek i Sever [Man and the North]. Materials of the scientific conference. Tyumen, Tyumen SC SB RAS Publ., 2018, pp. 149–153. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П., Ларина Н. С., Берлина С. В., Чикунова И. Ю. Комплексное изучение условий жизни древнего населения Западной Сибири. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2005. 228 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P., Tretyakov E. A., Zelenkov A. S. Svidetelstva migratsii gruppy yuzhno-taezhnogo naseleniya Zapadnoi Sibiri na Ural v rannem Srednevekov′e [Archaeological Evidence of Migration from the Southern Taiga of Western Siberia to the Urals in the Early Middle Ages: The Vodennikov1 Cemetery]. Archaeology, Ethnology &amp; Anthropology of Eurasia, 2021, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 91–99. (in Russ.) DOI 10.17746/1563-0102.2021.49.4.091-099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П., Третьяков Е. А. Модели эксплуатации пространства бакальским населением раннего Средневековья (по данным Коловского городища) // Человек и Север: Материалы науч. конф. Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмНЦ СО РАН, 2018. С. 149–153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveeva N. P., Zelenkov A. S. Selishche Staro-Lybaevskoe-1B [The settlement Staro-Lybaevskoe-1B]. In: Ab origine: Arkheologo-etnograficheskii sbornik Tyumenskogo universiteta [Ab original: Archaeological and ethnographic collection of Tyumen University]. Tyumen, Tyumen State Uni. Press, 2016, vol. 8, pp. 66–87. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеева Н. П., Третьяков Е. А., Зеленков А. С. Свидетельства миграции группы южно-таежного населения Западной Сибири на Урал в раннем Средневековье (могильник Воденниково-1) // Археология, этнография и антропология Евразии. 2021. Т. 49, № 4. С. 91–99. DOI 10.17746/1563-0102.2021.49.4.091-099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodin V. I. (ed.). Istoriya Sibiri. Zheleznyi vek i Srednevekov'e [History of Siberia. Iron Age and the Middle Ages]. Novosibirsk, IAE SB RAS Publ., 2019, vol. 2, 643 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинникова Б. Б. Старо-Лыбаевское поселение // Материальная культура древнего населения Урала и Западной Сибири. Свердловск: УрГУ, 1988. С. 141–152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinnikova B. B. Staro-Lybaevskoe poselenie [Staro-Lybaevskoe settlement]. In: Material'naya kul'tura drevnego naseleniya Urala i Zapadnoi Sibiri [Material culture of the ancient population of the Urals and Western Siberia]. Sverdlovsk, UrSU Press, 1988, pp. 141–152. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Очерки культурогенеза народов Западной Сибири / Под ред. Л. М. Плетневой. Томск: Изд-во ТГУ, 1994. Т. 1: Поселения и жилища. Кн. 1. 485 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pletneva L. M. (ed.). Ocherki kul'turogeneza narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri [Essays on the Cultural Genesis of the Peoples of Western Siberia]. Tomsk, TSU Press, 1994, vol. 1, book 1, 485 p. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рафикова Т. Н., Берлина С. В. Фортификации городища Ласточкино гнездо-1 эпохи Средневековья // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2014. № 4 (27). С. 69–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rafikova T. N., Berlina S. V. Fortifikatsii gorodishcha Lastochkino gnezdo-1 epokhi Srednevekov'ya [Fortifications of the settlement of Swallowэs Nest-1 of the Middle Ages]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography], 2014, no. 4, pp. 69–76. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рафикова Т. Н., Берлина С. В., Кайдалов А. И., Сечко Е. А. Фортификации раннего и развитого Средневековья лесостепного и подтаежного Зауралья // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2013. № 4 (23). С. 42–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rafikova T. N., Berlina S. V., Kaidalov A. I., Sechko E. A. Fortifikatsii rannego i razvitogo Srednevekov'ya lesostepnogo i podtaezhnogo Zaural'ya [Fortifications of the Early and Developed Middle Ages of the forest-steppe and subtaiga Trans-Ural]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography], 2013, no. 4, pp. 42–51. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Слепченко С. М., Пошехонова О. Е. Патологические проявления на палеоантропологическом материале раннесредневекового могильника Устюг-1 // Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2014. Т. 4 (27). С. 58–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slepchenko S. M., Poshekhonova O. E. Patologicheskie proyavleniya na paleoantropologicheskom materiale rannesrednevekovogo mogil'nika Ustyug-1 [Pathological manifestations in the paleoanthropological material of the early medieval burial ground Ustyug-1]. Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Bulletin of Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnography], 2014. no 4 (27), pp. 58–66. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
