Статья посвящена месту российской армии в политическом процессе периода революции 1917 г. в России. Рассмотрены своеобразие армии военного времени как социального феномена, предпосылки ее превращения в субъект политической жизни страны. Установлены характер и причины общественно-политических настроений различных категорий военнослужащих накануне революции. Дана характеристика роли воинских контингентов, институтов, видных военных деятелей в главных политических событиях 1917 г.: Февральском и Октябрьском переворотах, июльском политическом кризисе, выступлении генерала Л. Г Корнилова. Рассмотрены главные законодательные акты новой власти в отношении армии: Приказ № 1 Петроградского Совета рабочих и солдатских депутатов и «Декларация прав солдата и гражданина», их влияние на развитие внутренней ситуации в армии. Уточняются этапы и специфика взаимодействия политического руководства и высшего военного командования.
The crisis of the statehood in Russia in 1917 revealed the inability of traditional political institutions to execute its primary responsibilities which allowed new participants into the arena of the political struggle. One of these was the new army having appeared as a result of mass mobilization, however much different from a typical pre-war full-time army with its personnel, structure and its place in state life. In early 1917 the state and attitude of the army was similar to that of the general societal population, in particular the unpopularity of both the war and the political leadership of the country. The army participation was essential to the February Revolution victory. The Petrograd infantry revolt within military ranks defined the final success of the coup in the capital, and the Supreme Commander’s Headquarters agreed with the opposition and became an organizer of the Emperor recantation. Revolutionary changes gave an impulse to the politicization of army life. Soldiers’ and sailors’ anti-military ambition growth led to the rapid decline of discipline and fighting efficiency. In the summer of 1917, a number of generals headed by general L. G. Kornilov offered the government a number of proposed strong measures directed towards the recovery of discipline within the country and army. The intention to put in place a steady regime in the interests of continuing the war could not be coordinated openly, therefore it obtained a conspiracy nature between the Provisional Government and the Supreme Commander’s Headquarters. The realization of it became impossible in the absence of the participants’ mutual confidence and respect. The breakdown between them became the cause of the August political crisis and future radicalization of internal conflict. Military contingents became the main military power of the October Revolution in Petrograd. Soldiers’ and sailors’ conviction in justice of revolutionary reorganizations and waiting for the coming peace resulted in their increased influence for determining political direction.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.