nguhistВестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История, филологияVestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology1818-7919Novosibirsk State University10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-3-122-139nguhist-982Research ArticleЭТНОГРАФИЯ НАРОДОВ ЕВРАЗИИETHNOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF EURASIAЭскимосская проблема в свете новых данныхEskimo Problem in the Light of New Datahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-9962ГребенюкП. С.GrebenyukP. S.

Павел Сергеевич Гребенюк, старший научный сотрудник 

Магадан

Pavel S. Grebenyuk, Senior Researcher 

Magadan

grebenyuk.pavel@gmail.comСеверо-Восточный комплексный научно-исследовательский институт Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наукРоссияNorth-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202221032022213122139Copyright © Гребенюк П.С., 20222022Гребенюк П.С.Grebenyuk P.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://nguhist.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/982

Статья посвящена анализу наиболее важных достижений в исследовании древней ДНК, а также корреляции данных генетики и археологии по проблеме происхождения эскимосов. Результаты исследований последних лет раскрывают длительность и сложность процессов формирования и развития палеоэскимосских и неоэскимосских культур. Предки палеоэскимосов и неоэскимосов по линии Q-NWT01 Y-ДНК обитали в районах бассейна р. Колыма уже около 10 тыс. л. н. В период 7 000–5 000 кал. л. н. предки палеоэскимосов по линии D2a мтДНК и предки неоэскимосов по линии D4b1a2 мтДНК распространяются в Центральной Якутии и на Крайнем Северо-Востоке Азии. Миграция азиатских предков палеоэскимосов на Аляску произошла около 5 500– 5 300 кал. л. н. и была связана с носителями белькачинской культуры. Генофонд предковой неоэскимосской популяции складывался на юге Аляски из двух основных компонентов – палеоэскимосского и палеоиндейского. Формирование неоэскимосских культур проходило в Берингоморье на основе локальной палеоэскимосской традиции и под влиянием культурных традиций Юго-Западной Аляски и Чукотки. Усть-бельская культура могла выступить генетическим источником развития неоэскимосской традиции.

Purpose. The problem of the origin of the Eskimos has received considerable attention, at the same time also providing insights about human presence in far Northeast Siberia and America. I review earlier studies and discuss some of the more exciting recent results emerging from ancient DNA data sets. I also highlight important features of genetic and archeological data and discuss key questions and future research directions. Results. The Paleo-Eskimos and Neo-Eskimos ancestors along the Q-NWT01 Y-DNA line lived in the Kolyma River basin at the turn of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The migration of the East Asian ancestors of the Paleo-Eskimos was associated with the representatives of the Neolithic cultures of Northeast Asia, which brought the ancestral haplotype for mtDNA haplogroup D2a to Alaska. The emergence of the Neo-Eskimo cultures took place in the Bering strait area on the basis of the local Paleo-Eskimo tradition and under the influence of the cultural traditions of Southwestern Alaska and Chukotka. The Ust'-Belaya culture of Chukotka could act as a genetic source for the development of the Neo-Eskimo cultures.Conclusion. Analysis of ancient DNA from human remains over the past decade has had a transformative effect on the study of the origin of the Eskimos. Data sets of ancient DNA have revealed an increasingly complex picture of human demographic history in North-East of Asia and America and development of Paleo-Eskimo and Neo-Eskimo traditions, suggesting multiple waves of migration over the Bering Strait and episodes of admixture of different groups of population, including Ancient Paleosiberian, East Asian, Paleo-Indian, Paleo-Eskimos, Neo-Eskimos and others.

Северная АмерикаСеверо-Восток АзииЧукоткаАляскапалеоэскимосынеоэскимосыпалеоэскимосские культурынеоэскимосские культурыпалеогенетикаNorthern AmericaNortheastern AsiaChukotkaAlaskaPaleo-EskimosNeo-EskimosPaleo-Eskimo traditionNeoEskimo traditionpaleogeneticsИсследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-09-00144This research was funded by RFBR, project no. 19-09-00144ReferencesАрутюнов С. А., Сергеев Д. А. Древние культуры азиатских эскимосов (Уэленский могильник). М.: Наука, 1969. 206 с.Ackerman R. E. Early Maritime Traditions in the Bering, Chukchi, and East Siberian Seas. Arctic Anthropology, 1998, vol. 35 (1), pp. 247–262.Арутюнов С. А., Сергеев Д. А. Проблемы этнической истории Берингоморья (Эквенский могильник). М.: Наука, 1975. 240 с.Ameen C., Feuerborn T., Brown S., Linderholm A., Hulme-Beaman A., Lebrasseur O., Sinding M., Lounsberry Z., Lin A., Appelt M., Bachmann L., Betts M., Britton K., Darwent J., Dietz R., Fredholm M., Gopalakrishnan S., Goriunova O., Grønnow B., Haile J., Hallsson J., Harrison R., Heide-Jørgensen M., Knecht R., Losey R., Masson-MacLean E., McGovern T., McManus-Fry E., Meldgaard M., Midtdal Å., Moss M., Nikitin I., Nomokonova T., Pálsdóttir A., Perri A., Popov A., Rankin L., Reuther J., Sablin M., Schmidt A., Shirar S., Smiarowski K., Sonne C., Stiner M., Vasyukov M., West C., Ween G., Wennerberg S., Wiig Ø., Woollett J., Dalén L., Hansen A., Gilbert M., Sacks B., Frantz L., Larson G., Dobney K., Darwent C., Evin A. Specialized Sledge Dogs Accompanied Inuit Dispersal across the North American Arctic. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 2019, vol. 286, no. 1916. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2019.1929Гусев С. В. Раскопки поселения Унэнэн на Восточной Чукотке (древнекитобойная культура) в 2007–2014 гг. // Археология Арктики. Екатеринбург: Деловая пресса, 2014. Вып. 2. С. 205–212.Arutyunov S. A., Sergeev D. A. Drevniye kul'tury aziatskikh eskimosov (Uelenskiy mogil'nik) [Ancient cultures of Asian Eskimos (Uelen cemetery)]. Moscow, Nauka, 1969, 206 p. (in Russ.)Диков Н. Н. Древние культуры Северо-Восточной Азии: Азия на стыке с Америкой в древности. М.: Наука, 1979. 352 с.Arutyunov S. A., Sergeev D. A. Problemy etnicheskoy istorii Beringomor'ya (Ekvenskiy mogil'- nik) [Problems of Ethnic History in the Bering Sea (The Ekven Cemetery)]. Moscow, Nauka, 1975, 240 p. (in Russ.)Лебединцев А. И. Приморские культуры Охотоморья: эскимосско-алеутское влияние // V Северный археологический конгресс: Тез. докл. Екатеринбург; Ханты-Мансийск: АльфаПринт, 2019. С. 175–177.Bandi H. G. Eskimo Prehistory. London, Methuen, 1969, 236 p. Berge A. Eskimo-Aleut. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2016. URL: http://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199-384655-e-9 (accessed 15.03.2021).Лебединцев А. И., Кузьмин Я. В. Радиоуглеродное датирование археологических памятников Северного Приохотья (Дальний Восток России) // VI Диковские чтения. Магадан: СВКНИИ ДВО РАН, 2010. С. 116–120.Bronshtein M. M., Dneprovsky K. A., Savinetsky A. B. Ancient Eskimo Cultures of Chukotka. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 469–488.Малярчук Б. А. Генетические маркеры о распространении древних морских охотников в Приохотье // Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2020. Т. 24, вып. 5. С. 539–544. DOI 10.18699/VJ20.646Darwent C., Darwent J. The Enigmatic Choris and Old Whaling “Cultures” of the Western Arctic. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 371–394.Мочанов Ю. А. Белькачинская неолитическая культура на Алдане // СА. 1967. № 4. С. 164– 177.Dikov N. N. Drevniye kul'tury Severo-Vostochnoy Azii [Ancient Cultures of Northeastern Asia]. Moscow, Nauka, 1979, 352 p. (in Russ.)Мочанов Ю. А., Федосеева С. А. Основные этапы древней истории Северо-Восточной Азии // Берингия в кайнозое. Владивосток, 1976. С. 515–539.Dryomov S. V., Nazhmidenova A., Shalaurova S. A., Morozov I. V., Tabarev A. V., Starikovskaya E. B., Sukernik R. I. Mitochondrial genome diversity at the Bering Strait area highlights prehistoric human migrations from Siberia to northern North America. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2015, vol. 23, pp. 1399–1404. DOI 10.1038/ejhg.2014.286Федорченко А. Ю. Палеолитические каменные украшения культурного слоя VI Ушковских стоянок: контекст, технологии, функции // Уральский исторический вестник. 2018. № 2 (59). С. 115–123.Dumond D. E. Norton Hunters and Fisherfolk. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 395–416.Яншина О. В. Некоторые аспекты древней этнокультурной истории Сахалина // Радловский сборник: научные исследования и музейные проекты МАЭ РАН в 2010 г. СПб., 2011. С. 245–250.Fedorchenko A. Yu. Paleoliticheskie kamennye ukrasheniya kul'turnogo sloya VI Ushkovskikh stoyanok: kontekst, tekhnologii, funktsii [Paleolithic stone ornaments from cultural layer VI of Ushki sites: context, technology, functions]. Ural'skii istoricheskii vestnik [Ural Historical Journal], 2018, no. 2 (59), pp. 115–123. (in Russ.) DOI 10.30759/1728-9718-2018-2(59)-115-123Ackerman R. E. Early Maritime Traditions in the Bering, Chukchi, and East Siberian Seas. Arctic Anthropology, 1998, vol. 35 (1), pp. 247–262.Flegontov P., Altınışık N. E., Changmai P., Rohland N., Mallick S., Adamski N., Bolnick D. A., Broomandkhoshbacht N., Candilio F., Culleton B. J., Flegontova O., Friesen T. M., Jeong C., Harper T. K., Keating D., Kennett D. J., Kim A. M., Lamnidis T. C., Lawson A. M., Olalde I., Oppenheimer J., Potter B. A., Raff J., Sattler R. A., Skoglund P., Stewardson K., Vajda E. J., Vasilyev S., Veselovskaya E., Hayes M. G., O’Rourke D. H., Krause J., Pinhasi R., Reich D., Schiffels S. Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America. Nature, 2019, vol. 570, pp. 236–240. DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1251-yAmeen C., Feuerborn T., Brown S., Linderholm A., Hulme-Beaman A., Lebrasseur O., Sinding M., Lounsberry Z., Lin A., Appelt M., Bachmann L., Betts M., Britton K., Darwent J., Dietz R., Fredholm M., Gopalakrishnan S., Goriunova O., Grønnow B., Haile J., Hallsson J., Harrison R., Heide-Jørgensen M., Knecht R., Losey R., Masson-MacLean E., McGovern T., McManus-Fry E., Meldgaard M., Midtdal Å., Moss M., Nikitin I., Nomokonova T., Pálsdóttir A., Perri A., Popov A., Rankin L., Reuther J., Sablin M., Schmidt A., Shirar S., Smiarowski K., Sonne C., Stiner M., Vasyukov M., West C., Ween G., Wennerberg S., Wiig Ø., Woollett J., Dalén L., Hansen A., Gilbert M., Sacks B., Frantz L., Larson G., Dobney K., Darwent C., Evin A. Specialized Sledge Dogs Accompanied Inuit Dispersal across the North American Arctic. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 2019, vol. 286, no. 1916. DOI 10.1098/rspb.2019.1929 Bandi H. G. Eskimo Prehistory. London: Methuen, 1969, 236 p.Fortescue M. Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London, Cassell Academic, 1998, 307 p.Berge A. Eskimo-Aleut. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 2016. URL: http://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199-384655-e-9 (дата обращения 15.03.2021).Friesen M. Pan-Arctic Population Movements: The Early Paleo-Inuit and Thule Inuit Migrations. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 673–691.Bronshtein M. M., Dneprovsky K. A., Savinetsky A. B. Ancient Eskimo Cultures of Chukotka. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 469–488.Grønnow B. Independence I and Saqqaq: The First Greenlanders. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 712–734.Darwent C., Darwent J. The Enigmatic Choris and Old Whaling “Cultures” of the Western Arctic. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 371–394.Grugni V., Raveane A., Ongaro L., Battaglia V., Trombetta B., Colombo G., Capodiferro M. R., Olivieri A., Achilli A., Perego U. A., Motta J., Tribaldos M., Woodward S. R., Ferretti L., Cruciani F., Torroni A., Semino O. Analysis of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q characterizes ancient population movements in Eurasia and the Americas. BMC Biology, 2019, vol. 17. DOI 10.1186/s12915-018-0622-4Dryomov S. V., Nazhmidenova A., Shalaurova S. A., Morozov I. V., Tabarev A. V., Starikovskaya E. B., Sukernik R. I. Mitochondrial genome diversity at the Bering Strait area highlights prehistoric human migrations from Siberia to northern North America. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2015, vol. 23, pp. 1399–1404. DOI 10.1038/ejhg.2014.286Gusev S. V. Raskopki poseleniya Unenen na Vostochnoy Chukotke (drevnekitoboynaya kul'tura) v 2007–2014 gg. [Excavations of the settlement of Unenen in Eastern Chukotka (Old Whaling culture) in 2007–2014]. In: Arkheologiya Arktiki [Archeology of the Arctic]. Ekaterinburg, Delovaya pressa, 2014, vol. 2, pp. 205–212. (in Russ.)Dumond D. E. Norton Hunters and Fisherfolk. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 395–416.Kılınç G., Kashuba N., Yaka R., Sümer A., Yüncü E., Shergin D., Ivanov G., Kichigin D., Pestereva K., Volkov D., Mandryka P., Kharinskii A., Tishkin A., Ineshin E., Kovychev E., Stepanov A., Alekseev A., Fedoseeva S., Somel M., Jakobsson M., Krzewińska M., Storå J., Götherström A. Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes. Scientific Reports, 2018, vol. 8 (1). DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0Flegontov P., Altınışık N. E., Changmai P., Rohland N., Mallick S., Adamski N., Bolnick D. A., Broomandkhoshbacht N., Candilio F., Culleton B. J., Flegontova O., Friesen T. M., Jeong C., Harper T. K., Keating D., Kennett D. J., Kim A. M., Lamnidis T. C., Lawson A. M., Olalde I., Oppenheimer J., Potter B. A., Raff J., Sattler R. A., Skoglund P., Stewardson K., Vajda E. J., Vasilyev S., Veselovskaya E., Hayes M. G., O’Rourke D. H., Krause J., Pinhasi R., Reich D., Schiffels S. Palaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America. Nature, 2019, vol. 570, pp. 236–240. DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1251-yKılınç G., Kashuba N., Koptekin D., Bergfeldt N., Donertas H. M., Rodríguez-Varela R., Sherwin D., Ivanov G., Kichigin D., Pestereva K., Volkov D., Mandryka P., Kharinskii A., Tishkin A., Ineshin E., Kovychev E., Stepanov A., Dalén L., Günther T., Götherström A. Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancient northeast Asia. Science Advances, 2021, vol. 7. DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abc4587Fortescue M. Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London, Cassell Academic, 1998, 307 p.Lebedintsev A. I. Primorskie kul'tury Okhotomor'ia: eskimossko-aleutskoe vliianie [Maritime cultures of the sea of Okhotsk: the eskimo-aleutian influence]. V Severnyi arkheologicheskii kongress [V Northern Archaeological Congress]. Abstracts. Ekaterinburg, Khanty-Mansiisk, Alfa-Print, 2019, pp. 175–177. (in Russ.)Friesen M. Pan-Arctic Population Movements: The Early Paleo-Inuit and Thule Inuit Migrations. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 673–691.Lebedintsev A. I., Kuzmin Ya. V. Radiouglerodnoye datirovaniye arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov Severnogo Priokhot'ya (Dal'niy Vostok Rossii) [Radiocarbon dating of archaeological sites in Northern Priokhotye (Russian Far East)]. In: VI Dikovskie chteniya. [VI Dikov readings]. Magadan, NEISRI FEB RAS Publ., 2010, pp. 116–120. (in Russ.)Grønnow B. Independence I and Saqqaq: The First Greenlanders. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 712–734.Malyarchuk B. A. Geneticheskie markery o rasprostranenii drevnikh morskikh okhotnikov v Priokhot'e [Genetic markers on the distribution of ancient marine hunters in Priokhotye]. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii [Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding], 2020, vol. 24, iss. 5, pp. 539–544. (in Russ.) DOI 10.18699/VJ20.646Grugni V., Raveane A., Ongaro L., Battaglia V., Trombetta B., Colombo G., Capodiferro M. R., Olivieri A., Achilli A., Perego U. A., Motta J., Tribaldos M., Woodward S. R., Ferretti L., Cruciani F., Torroni A., Semino O. Analysis of the human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q characterizes ancient population movements in Eurasia and the Americas. BMC Biology, 2019, vol. 17. DOI 10.1186/s12915-018-0622-4Mason O. From the Norton Culture to the Ipiutak Cult in Northwest Alaska. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 443–468.Kılınç G., Kashuba N., Yaka R., Sümer A., Yüncü E., Shergin D., Ivanov G., Kichigin D., Pestereva K., Volkov D., Mandryka P., Kharinskii A., Tishkin A., Ineshin E., Kovychev E., Stepanov A., Alekseev A., Fedoseeva S., Somel M., Jakobsson M., Krzewińska M., Storå J., Götherström A. Investigating Holocene human population history in North Asia using ancient mitogenomes. Scientific Reports, 2018, vol. 8 (1). DOI 10.1038/s41598-018-27325-0Mason O., Friesen M. Out of the cold: archaeology on the Arctic Rim of North America. Washington, DC, 2017, 294 p.Kılınç G., Kashuba N., Koptekin D., Bergfeldt N., Donertas H. M., Rodríguez-Varela R., Sherwin D., Ivanov G., Kichigin D., Pestereva K., Volkov D., Mandryka P., Kharinskii A., Tishkin A., Ineshin E., Kovychev E., Stepanov A., Dalén L., Günther T., Götherström A. Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancient northeast Asia. Science Advances, 2021, vol. 7. DOI 10.1126/sciadv.abc4587Milne S. B., Park R. Pre-Dorset Culture. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 693–711.Mason O. From the Norton Culture to the Ipiutak Cult in Northwest Alaska. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 443–468.Mochanov Yu. A. Bel'kachinskaya neoliticheskaya kul'tura na Aldane [Belkachi Neolithic culture on the Aldan]. Sovetskaya arheologiya [Soviet Archeology], 1967, no. 4, pp. 164–177. (in Russ.)Mason O., Friesen M. Out of the cold: archaeology on the Arctic Rim of North America. Washington, DC, 2017, 294 p.Mochanov Yu. A., Fedoseyeva S. A. Osnovnyye etapy drevney istorii Severo-Vostochnoy Azii [The main stages of the ancient history of Northeast Asia]. In: Beringiya v kaynozoye [Beringia in the Cenozoic]. Vladivostok, 1976, pp. 515–539. (in Russ.)Milne S. B., Park R. Pre-Dorset Culture. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 693–711.Potter B. A. Archaeological patterning in Northeast Asia and Northwest North America: an examination of the Dene-Yeniseian hypothesis. In: Kari J., Potter B. A. (eds.). The Dene-Yeniseian Connection. Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology and the Alaska Native Languages Center, 2010, pp. 138–167.Potter B. A. Archaeological patterning in Northeast Asia and Northwest North America: an examination of the Dene-Yeniseian hypothesis. In: Kari J., Potter B. A. (eds.). The Dene-Yeniseian Connection. Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology and the Alaska Native Languages Center, 2010, pp. 138–167.Powers W. R., Richard H. J. Human Biogeography and Climate Change in Siberia and Arctic North America in the Fourth and Fifth Millennia BP. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1990, vol. 330, no. 1615, pp. 665–670.Powers W. R., Richard H. J. Human Biogeography and Climate Change in Siberia and Arctic North America in the Fourth and Fifth Millennia BP. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1990, vol. 330, no. 1615, pp. 665–670.Raghavan M., DeGiorgio M., Albrechtsen A., Moltke I., Skoglund P., Korneliussen T. S., Grønnow B., Appelt M., Gulløv H. C., Friesen T. M., Fitzhugh W., Malmström H., Rasmussen S., Olsen J., Melchior L., Fuller B. T., Fahrni S. M., Stafford T., Jr., Grimes V., Renouf M. A., Cybulski J., Lynnerup N., Lahr M. M., Britton K., Knecht R., Arneborg J., Metspalu M., Cornejo O. E., Malaspinas A. S., Wang Y., Rasmussen M., Raghavan V., Hansen T. V., Khusnutdinova E., Pierre T., Dneprovsky K., Andreasen C., Lange H., Hayes M. G., Coltrain J., Spitsyn V. A., Götherström A., Orlando L., Kivisild T., Villems R., Crawford M. H., Nielsen F. C., Dissing J., Heinemeier J., Meldgaard M., Bustamante C., O’Rourke D. H., Jakobsson M., Gilbert M. T., Nielsen R., Willerslev E. The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic. Science, 2014, vol. 345. DOI 10.1126/science.1255832Raghavan M., DeGiorgio M., Albrechtsen A., Moltke I., Skoglund P., Korneliussen T. S., Grønnow B., Appelt M., Gulløv H. C., Friesen T. M., Fitzhugh W., Malmström H., Rasmussen S., Olsen J., Melchior L., Fuller B. T., Fahrni S. M., Stafford T., Jr., Grimes V., Renouf M. A., Cybulski J., Lynnerup N., Lahr M. M., Britton K., Knecht R., Arneborg J., Metspalu M., Cornejo O. E., Malaspinas A. S., Wang Y., Rasmussen M., Raghavan V., Hansen T. V., Khusnutdinova E., Pierre T., Dneprovsky K., Andreasen C., Lange H., Hayes M. G., Coltrain J., Spitsyn V. A., Götherström A., Orlando L., Kivisild T., Villems R., Crawford M. H., Nielsen F. C., Dissing J., Heinemeier J., Meldgaard M., Bustamante C., O’Rourke D. H., Jakobsson M., Gilbert M. T., Nielsen R., Willerslev E. The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic. Science, 2014, vol. 345. DOI 10.1126/science.1255832Rasmussen M., Li Y., Lindgreen S., Pedersen J. S., Albrechtsen A., Moltke I., Metspalu M., Metspalu E., Kivisild T., Gupta R., Bertalan M., Nielsen K., Gilbert M. T., Wang Y., Raghavan M., Campos P. F., Kamp H. M., Wilson A. S., Gledhill A., Tridico S., Bunce M., Lorenzen E. D., Binladen J., Guo X., Zhao J., Zhang X., Zhang H., Li Z., Chen M., Orlando L., Kristiansen K., Bak M., Tommerup N., Bendixen C., Pierre T. L., Grønnow B., Meldgaard M., Andreasen C., Fedorova S. A., Osipova L. P., Higham T. F., Ramsey C. B., Hansen T. V., Nielsen F. C., Crawford M. H., Brunak S., Sicheritz-Pontén T., Villems R., Nielsen R., Krogh A., Wang J., Willerslev E. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Paleo-Eskimo. Nature, 2010, vol. 463, pp. 757–762. DOI 10.1038/nature08835Rasmussen M., Li Y., Lindgreen S., Pedersen J. S., Albrechtsen A., Moltke I., Metspalu M., Metspalu E., Kivisild T., Gupta R., Bertalan M., Nielsen K., Gilbert M. T., Wang Y., Raghavan M., Campos P. F., Kamp H. M., Wilson A. S., Gledhill A., Tridico S., Bunce M., Lorenzen E. D., Binladen J., Guo X., Zhao J., Zhang X., Zhang H., Li Z., Chen M., Orlando L., Kristiansen K., Bak M., Tommerup N., Bendixen C., Pierre T. L., Grønnow B., Meldgaard M., Andreasen C., Fedorova S. A., Osipova L. P., Higham T. F., Ramsey C. B., Hansen T. V., Nielsen F. C., Crawford M. H., Brunak S., Sicheritz-Pontén T., Villems R., Nielsen R., Krogh A., Wang J., Willerslev E. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Paleo-Eskimo. Nature, 2010, vol. 463, pp. 757–762. DOI 10.1038/nature08835Ryan K. The “Dorset Problem” Revisited: The Transitional and Early and Middle Dorset Periods in the Eastern Arctic. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 761–781.Ryan K. The “Dorset Problem” Revisited: The Transitional and Early and Middle Dorset Periods in the Eastern Arctic. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 761–781.Sikora M., Pitulko V. V., Sousa V. C., Allentoft M. E., Vinner L., Rasmussen S., Margaryan A., de Barros Damgaard P., de la Fuente C., Renaud G., Yang M. A., Fu Q., Dupanloup I., Giampoudakis K., Nogués-Bravo D., Rahbek C., Kroonen G., Peyro M., McColl H., Vasilyev S. V., Veselovskaya E., Gerasimova M., Pavlova E. Y., Chasnyk V. G., Nikolskiy P. A., Gromov A. V., Khartanovich V. I., Moiseyev V., Grebenyuk P. S., Fedorchenko A. Yu., Lebedintsev A. I., Slobodin S. B., Malyarchuk B. A., Martiniano R., Meldgaard M., Arppe L., Palo J. U., Sundell T., Mannermaa K., Putkonen M., Alexandersen V., Primeau C., Baimukhanov N., Malhi R. S., Sjögren K.-G., Kristiansen K., Wessman A., Sajantila A., Lahr M. M., Durbin R., Nielsen R., Meltzer D. J., Laurent Excoffier L., Willerslev E. The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature, 2019, no. 570, pp. 182–188. DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-zSikora M., Pitulko V. V., Sousa V. C., Allentoft M. E., Vinner L., Rasmussen S., Margaryan A., de Barros Damgaard P., de la Fuente C., Renaud G., Yang M. A., Fu Q., Dupanloup I., Giampoudakis K., Nogués-Bravo D., Rahbek C., Kroonen G., Peyro M., McColl H., Vasilyev S. V., Veselovskaya E., Gerasimova M., Pavlova E. Y., Chasnyk V. G., Nikolskiy P. A., Gromov A. V., Khartanovich V. I., Moiseyev V., Grebenyuk P. S., Fedorchenko A. Yu., Lebedintsev A. I., Slobodin S. B., Malyarchuk B. A., Martiniano R., Meldgaard M., Arppe L., Palo J. U., Sundell T., Mannermaa K., Putkonen M., Alexandersen V., Primeau C., Baimukhanov N., Malhi R. S., Sjögren K.-G., Kristiansen K., Wessman A., Sajantila A., Lahr M. M., Durbin R., Nielsen R., Meltzer D. J., Laurent Excoffier L., Willerslev E. The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature, 2019, no. 570, pp. 182–188. DOI 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-zSlobodin S. B. Neolithic of the Northeast Asia and the Arctic Small Tool Tradition of the North America. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, pр. 415–452. DOI 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.204Slobodin S. B. Neolithic of the Northeast Asia and the Arctic Small Tool Tradition of the North America. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, iss. 2, pр. 415–452. DOI 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.204Tackney J., Jensen A., Kisielinski C., O’Rourke D. Molecular analysis of an ancient Thule population at Nuvuk, Point Barrow, Alaska. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2019, vol. 168, iss. 2, pp. 303–317. DOI 10.1002/ajpa.23746Tackney J., Jensen A., Kisielinski C., O’Rourke D. Molecular analysis of an ancient Thule population at Nuvuk, Point Barrow, Alaska. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2019, vol. 168, iss. 2, pp. 303–317. DOI 10.1002/ajpa.23746Tremayne A. H., Rasic J. T. The Denbigh Flint Complex of Northern Alaska. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 349–370.Tremayne A. H., Rasic J. T. The Denbigh Flint Complex of Northern Alaska. In: Friesen T. Max, Mason Owen K. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford, Oxford Uni. Press, 2016, pp. 349–370.Yanshina O. V. Nekotorye aspekty drevnej etnokul'turnoj istorii Sakhalina [Some aspects of ancient ethnocultural history of Sakhalin]. In: Radlovskij sbornik: nauchnye issledovaniya i muzejnye proekty MAE RAN v 2010 g. [Radlov’s collection: research and museum projects of MAE RAN in 2010]. St. Petersburg, 2011, pp. 245–250. (in Russ.)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.