STONE INDUSTRY OF PLEISTOCENE - HOLOCEN IN THE MIDDLE YENISEY VALLEY (BASED ON BYUZA II MATERIALS)

Purpose. The Krasnoyarsk reservoir having flooded the lowest terraces of the Yenisei River, many archaeological sites were disturbed and destroyed, so archaeological data about the period of the Final Pleistocene to the Early Holocene on the territory of Central Siberia became scarce. Nowadays, our knowledge about this period is based on the materials from the sites around Krasnoyarsk city, such as Eleneva cave, Shalunin Byk, the upper layers of Sliznevo site and Listvenka site, and the middle part of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir area: Aieshka I, Kurtak II, Buzunova, Bateni, etc., and, probably, the territorial gap caused by Krasnoyarsk Dam. The Birusinka site and Byuza II, which were discovered in 2014 in the down part of Krasnoyarsk reservoir, prove that. We aimed to describe the findings of Byuza II, identify their types and date them. Results . This article summarizes the complex investigation of the Buza II site. Nowadays, Byuza II is the only one Early Holocene site in the lower part of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir. The site contained numerous findings - about 2000 artifacts were excavated from the cultural layer and 800 were picked from the costal shallow in 2016. Among others, the core collection includes wedge-shaped microcores and edge-faceted microcores on microblades. Fragments of big blades were found in the excavation area, too, which helped to reveal the existence of big cores within the site area. The material collection includes similar fragments of big cores. The cultural layer also had angel burins, transverse burins, burins on concave retouched truncation, sub-rectangular chisel-like tools, medium sized graftoirs, scraper-like tools, burins and retouched flakes. Such tools as scrapers, burins and chisel-like tools were also picked from the coastal shallow. Just one cultural layer and typological similar materials in situ point out that all these materials belong to the same complex. Porphyry slabs along the West-East line laid out a stone alignment with the diameter of 0.8-0.9 m. A bone fragment of an ungulate, which was found among the porphyry slabs, has been dated 14 893 ± 77 years ago (UBA-36027). There is a discrepancy between the expected age of the site and the age of the bone fragment found, which is about 5 thousand years. While the date points out to the cold Nyapan Stage, according to stratigraphy the site refers to the Early Holocene period within 9.7-9.2 thousand years ago. Conclusion . In comparison with a well-known Biryusa site (middle layer), Eleneva cave (15-17 layers), and Bolshaya Slizneva site (2 and 5 layers), Byuza II has no Mesolithic tools and demonstrates the traditional industry of producing big burins. It allows us to use the term «Epipaleolithic» when referring to the site. We conclude that the roots of Epipaleolitic go back to the complexes of the Kokorevo culture and the Final Pleistocene «microblade industry».

the Middle Yenisei, the Krasnoyarsk reservoir, Early Holocene, Mesolithic, Epipaleolithic, site Byusa, Stone industry, the Kokorevo culture

1. Абрамова З. А., Астахов С. Н., Васильев С. А., Ермолова Н. М., Лисицын Н. Ф. Палеолит Енисея. Л., Наука, 1991. 158 с.

2. Акимова Е. В., Харевич В. М., Попова Н. Н. Стоянка Бюза-2 - новый памятник раннеголоценового времени на Красноярском водохранилище // Stratum plus. 2016. № 1: Археология и культурная антропология. С. 315-324.

3. Ауэрбах Н. К., Громов В. И. Материалы к изучению Бирюсинских стоянок Красноярского округа // Изв. ГАИМК. М.; Л.: ОГИЗ, 1935. Вып. 118. С. 219-245.

4. Вдовин А. С., Ямских А. Ф., Ямских Г. Ю., Оводов Н. Д. Позднепалеолитическая стоянка Большая Слизнева // Археология, геология и палеогеография палеолитических памятников юга Средней Сибири. Путеводитель Международного симпозиума. Красноярск: Изд-во «Зодиак», 1992. С. 22-34.

5. Лисицын Н. Ф. Мезолитическая стоянка Куртак-2 на Енисее // КСИА. М.: Наука, 1983. № 173. С. 97-102.

6. Лисицын Н. Ф. Некоторые итоги изучения каменного века на высоких террасах Енисея // Палеолит и неолит. Л.: Наука, 1986. С. 33-38.

7. Лисицын Н. Ф. Поздний палеолит Чулымо-Енисейского междуречья // Тр. ИИМК РАН. СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 2000. Т. 2. 230 с.

8. Макаров Н. П., Мандрыка П. В., Ямских А. Ф., Зубарева Г. Ю. Археологический материал и палеогеография многослойной стоянки Шалунин Бык // Палеогеография Средней Сибири. Красноярск: [Б. и.], 1995. Вып. 2. С. 113-135.

9. Макаров Н. П., Мартынович Н. В., Оводов Н. Д. Пещера Еленева - многослойный голоценовый памятник на среднем Енисее. Краткие итоги изучения // Пещеры: охрана, история исследований, культура, туризм, современное состояние и перспективы научных исследований в пещерах на территории бывшего СССР. Красноярск: [Б. и.], 2009. С. 81-105.

10. Хлобыстин Л. П. Изделия из кости и рога палеолитических слоев Бирюсинского поселения // Палеолит и неолит СССР. Л.: Наука, 1972. Т. 7. С. 150-156. (МИА. № 185)

11. Sinitsyna G. V., Kuzmina I. E. Paleolithic layers of multilayer site Biriysa on the Middle Yenisey // Topical issues of the Asian Paleolithic. Novosibirsk: IAE SB RAS Publ., 2014. P. 159-172.