The Yabalakly-1 Settlement: New Materials on the Chiyalik Culture of the Southern Urals
https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-5-118-130
Abstract
Purpose. The Chiyalik archaeological culture was isolated at the end of 1970. Cultural monuments are located on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan, the southeastern part of Udmurtia, in the south of the Perm Region, the north of the Chelyabinsk region, the southern part of the Sverdlovsk region and the western part of the Kurgan region.
Results. The article presents the results of the work carried out on the Dema River in 2021 by the integrated Golden Horde archaeological expedition. As a result of the conducted surveys, the archaeological settlement of Yabalakly-1 was revealed. It has been established that the monument is single-layer, its cultural layers contain a large number of horse, cow, sheep and dog bones, fragments of cast-iron cauldrons, as well as fragments of pottery and glazed Kashin ceramics.
Conclusion. The absence of pig bones is important, since it indicates the practice of Islam. Hunting and fishing played a secondary role in providing the archaeological settlements inhabitants with meat. The obtained archaeological material (fragments of large earthenware pot, glazed Kashin ceramics, stirrup, and parts of cast-iron cauldrons) allows us to date the monument within the 14th century. Similar villages are located within the Southern Urals in the valleys of the Dema, Chermasan, Karmasan rivers, etc.
Supporting agencies: The research was carried out with the support of the Russian National Science Foundation grant no. 22-28-00815 “Comprehensive reconstruction of the development of the mountain steppes of the Southern Urals from the Stone Age to Modern times (socio-cultural and natural transformations)”. The article was prepared on the topic “Socio-cultural processes in the Eurasian space from ancient times to the present” state tasks of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2023.
About the Author
E. V. Ruslanov
Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Evgeny V. Ruslanov, Candidate of Sciences (History), Researcher
Scopus Author ID 57211030333
WoS Researcher ID HGT-7013-2022
RSCI Author ID 788431
Ufa
References
1. Armarchuk E. A. Konskaya upryazh' iz mogil'nikov Severo-Vostochnogo Prichernomor'ya X– XIII vekov [Horse harness from the burial grounds of the North-Eastern Black Sea region of the 10th – 13th centuries]. Moscow, Taus, 2006, 227 p. (in Russ.)
2. Boldyreva E. M. Kashinnaya keramika iz Tsarevskogo gorodishcha v khranenii Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya [Kashin ceramics from the Tsarevskoye settlement in the custody of the State Historical Museum]. Povolzhskaya arheologiya [The Volga River Region Archaeology], 2021, no. 2 (36), pp. 93–106. (in Russ.) DOI 10.24852/pa2021.2.36.93.106
3. Boldyreva E. M. Polivnaya keramika Nizhnego Povolzh'ya v X – 1 pol. XIV v. (po materialam Samosdel'skogo gorodishcha) [Irrigation ceramics of the Lower Volga region in the 10th – 1st half of 14th centuries (based on the materials of the Samosdelsky settlement)]. Cand. Hist. Sci. Diss. Moscow, 2016, 250 p. (in Russ.)
4. Fedorov-Davydov G. A. Kochevniki Vostochnoi Evropy pod vlast'yu zolotoordynskikh khanov. Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki [Nomads of Eastern Europe under the rule of the Golden Horde Khans. Archaeological monuments]. Moscow, Moscow State Uni. Press, 1966, 276 p. (in Russ.)
5. Fokin S. M., Mitko O. A. Accompanying Grave Goods from the Kyrgyz Warrior Burial from the Vicinity of the Novoselovo Village (Krasnoyarsk Region). Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology, 2022, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 94–105. (in Russ.) DOI 10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-7-94-105
6. Garustovich G. N. Areal rasseleniya ugorskikh plemen Priural'ya v XIII–XIV vv. [The area of settlement of the Ugric tribes of the Urals in the 13th – 14th centuries]. In: Vostokovedenie v Bashkortostane [Oriental studies in Bashkortostan]. Ufa, 1992, pp. 121–123. (in Russ.)
7. Garustovich G. N. Chiyalikskaya arkheologicheskaya kul'tura epokhi srednevekov'ya na Yuzhnom Urale [Chiyalik archaeological culture of the Middle Ages in the Southern Urals]. Ufimskii arheologicheskii vestnik [Ufa Archaeological Herald], 2015, no. 15, pp. 181–198. (in Russ.)
8. Garustovich G. N. Naselenie Volgo-Ural'skoi lesostepi v pervoi polovine II tysyacheletiya nashei ery [The population of the Volga-Ural forest-steppe in the first half of the II millennium AD]: Abstract of Cand. Hist. Sci. Dis. Ufa, 1998, 28 p. (in Russ.)
9. Garustovich G. N. Pamyatniki X – nachala XIV v. n. e. [Monuments of the 10th – beginning of the 14th century AD]. In: Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Bashkortostana [Archaeological monuments of Bashkortostan]. Ufa, Gilem, 1996, pp. 51–55. (in Russ.)
10. Garustovich G. N., Ivanov V. A. Areal rasseleniya ugrov na Yuzhnom Urale i v Priural'e vo vtoroi polovine I – nachale II tys. n. e. [The area of settlement of the Ugric peoples in the Southern Urals and the Urals in the second half of the 1st – beginning of the 2nd millennium AD]. In: Problemy etnogeneza finno-ugorskikh narodov Priural'ya [Problems of ethnogenesis of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Urals]. Izhevsk, 1992, pp. 17–31. (in Russ.)
11. Garustovich G. N., Ivanov V. A., Protsenko A.S. Pogrebeniya kochevnikov Ulusa Shibana (XIII– XIV vv.) v verkhov'yakh r. Ural [Burials of nomads of the Shiban Ulus (13th – 14th centuries) in the upper reaches of the Ural River]. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo centra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk [Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 2014, vol. 16, no. 3-2, pp. 626–633. (in Russ.)
12. Garustovich G. N., Ivanov V. A., Protsenko A. S. Kolpakovskii I kurgannyi mogil'nik [Kolpakovsky I kurgan burial ground]. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State Universitу], 2015, no. 6 (361), pp. 28–34. (in Russ.)
13. Gorod Bolgar: Ocherki remeslennoi deyatel'nosti [The city of Bulgarians: Essays on handicraft activity]. Moscow, Nauka, 1988, 280 p. (in Russ.)
14. Ivanov V. A., Obydennova G. T., Shuteleva I. A., Shcherbakov N. B. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya poselencheskogo pamyatnika epokhi pozdnego srednevekov'ya [Archaeological research on the settlement monument of the Late Middle Ages]. In: Formirovanie i vzaimodeistvie ural'skih narodov v izmenyayushcheisya etnokul'turnoi srede Evrazii: problemy izucheniya i istoriografiya [Formation and interaction of the Ural peoples in the changing ethno-cultural environment of Eurasia: problems of study and historiography. Readings in memory of K. V Salnikov (1990–1966)]. Ufa, 2007, pp. 427–431. (in Russ.)
15. Ivanov V. A., Protsenko A. S., Ruslanov E. V. Pogrebeniya s priznakami musul'manskogo obryada u kochevnikov Zolotoi Ordy [Burials with signs of the Muslim rite among the nomads of the Golden Horde]. Povolzhskaya arheologiya [The Volga River Region Archaeology], 2021, no. 4 (38), pp. 94–107. (in Russ.) DOI 10.24852/pa2021.4.38.94.107.
16. Ivanov V. A., Ruslanov E. V., Protsenko A. S. Ishkulovskii II kurgannyi mogil'nik – pamyatnik mongol'skikh kochevnikov XIII–XIV vv. na Yuzhnom Urale [Ishkulovsky II burial mound – a monument of the Mongolian nomads of the 13th – 14th centuries in the Southern Urals]. Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik [The Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin], 2022, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 243–258. (in Russ.) DOI 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.2.14
17. Kazakov E. P. Chiyalikskaya kul'tura: territoriya, vremya, istoki [Chiyalik culture: territory, time, origins]. In: Ugry. Materialy VI Sibirskogo simpoziuma “Kul'turnoe nasledie ugorskikh narodov Zapadnoi Sibiri” [Ugric. Materials of the VI Siberian Symposium “Cultural heritage of the Ugric peoples of Western Siberia”]. Tobolsk, 2003, pp. 79–87. (in Russ.)
18. Kazakov E. P. O proiskhozhdenii i etnokul'turnoi prinadlezhnosti srednevekovykh prikamskikh pamyatnikov s grebenchato-shnurovoi keramikoi [On the origin and ethno-cultural belonging of medieval Kama monuments with comb-cord ceramics]. Problemy srednevekovoi arkheologii Urala i Povolzh'ya [Problems of medieval archeology of the Urals and the Volga region]. Ufa, 1986, pp. 67–75. (in Russ.)
19. Kazakov E. P. O territoriyakh i etnonimakh ugrov Uralo-Povolzh'ya v VI–XIV vv. n. e. [About the territories and ethnonyms of the Ural-Volga Ugrians in the 6th – 14th centuries AD]. Ufimskii arkheologicheskii vestnik [Ufa Archaeological Herald], 2007, no. 6–7, pp. 145–160. (in Russ.)
20. Kazakov E. P. Pamyatniki bolgarskogo vremeni v vostochnyh rajonah Tatarii [Monuments of the Bulgarian time in the eastern regions of Tatarstan]. Moscow, Nauka, 1978, 132 p. (in Russ.)
21. Kazakov E. P. Volzhskie bulgary, ugry i finny v IX–XIV vv.: problemy vzaimodeistviya [Volga Bulgars, Ugrians and Finns in the 9th –14th centuries: problems of interaction]. Kazan, Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2007, 208 p. (in Russ.)
22. Kazakov E. P., Chizhevsky A. A., Lyganov A. V. Mellyatamakskoe VI selishche chiyalikskoi kul'tury [Mellyatamakskoye VI village of Chiyalik culture]. Povolzhskaya arkheologiya [The Volga River Region Archaeology], 2016, no. 2 (16), pp. 219–243. (in Russ.)
23. Kazakov E. P., Starostin P. N., Khalikov A. H. Arkheologicheskie pamyatniki Vostochnogo Zakam'ya [Archaeological sites of the Eastern Kama river]. Kazan, USSR Academy of Sciences. Kazan Branch, 1989, 99 p. (in Russ.)
24. Kirpichnikov A. N. Snaryazhenie vsadnika i verkhovogo konya na Rusi IX–XIII vv. [Equipment of a rider and a riding horse in Russia of the 9th – 13th centuries]. In: Set of archaeological sources. Leningrad, Nauka, 1973, iss. E1-36, 140 p. (in Russ.)
25. Matveeva N. P., Zelenkov A. S., Tretyakov E. A., Ovchinnikov I. Yu. Chronological Complexes of the Iron and Middle Ages in the Trans-Urals (Based on the Materials of the Papskoe Settlement)]. Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology, 2020, vol. 19, no. 3: Archaeology and Ethnography, pp. 31–48. (in Russ.) DOI 10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-3-31-48
26. Myskov E. P. Kochevniki Volgo-Donskih stepei v epokhu Zolotoi Ordy [Nomads of the Volga-Don steppes in the era of the Golden Horde]. Volgograd, Volgograd Branch of the RANEPA, 2015, 484 p. (in Russ.)
27. Pastushenko I. Yu. Kishertskii mogil'nik v basseine reki Sylvy [Kishertsky burial ground in the Sylva river basin]. Finno-Ugrica, 2005–2006, no. 9, pp. 40–70. (in Russ.)
28. Ruslanov E. V. Gornovskii arheologicheskii kompleks zolotoordynskogo vremeni v Predural'e: k 60-letiyu nauchnogo izucheniya [Gornovo archaeological complex of the Golden Horde time in the Cis-Urals: To the 60th anniversary of scientific study]. Arkheologiya Evraziiskih stepei [Archaeology of the Eurasian Steppes], 2022, no. 6, pp. 253–267. (in Russ.) DOI 10.24852/2587-6112.2022.6.253.267
29. Ruslanov E. V. Neskol'ko rannemusul'manskikh pogrebenii iz gruntovykh mogil'nikov lesostepnogo Predural'ya [A few early Islamic graves in subsoil burial ground located in forest-steppe Cis-Urals]. Ufimskii arkheologicheskii vestnik [Ufa Archaeological Herald], 2020, no. 20, pp. 134–140. (in Russ.) DOI 10.31833/uav/2020.20.010
30. Ryazanov S. V. Chugunoliteinoe proizvodstvo v Evropeiskoi chasti Zolotoi Ordy (vtoraya polovina XIII–XIV vv.) [Iron foundry in the European part of the Golden Horde (the second half of the 13th – 14th centuries)]. Cand. Hist. Sci. Diss. Ufa, 2009, 188 p. (in Russ.)
31. Ryazanov S. V. Metallurgiya zheleza na Yuzhnom Urale v XIII – XIV vv [Iron metallurgy in the Southern Urals in the 13th – 14th centuries]. Ufa, IEI UNC RAS, 2011, 125 p. (in Russ.)
32. Savelev N. S. Sarmatizatsiya lesostepi Yuzhnogo Priural'ya: predposylki, osnovnye etapy, kharakteristiki, sledstviya [Sarmatization of the forest-steppe of the Southern Urals: prerequisites, main stages, characteristics, consequences]. Ufimskii arkheologicheskii vestnik [Ufa Archaeological Herald], 2014, no. 14, pp. 191–206. (in Russ.)
33. Sitdikov A. G., Khuzin F. Sh. (eds.). Svod pamyatnikov arkheologii Respubliki Tatarstan [Corpus of Archaeological Sites in the Republic of Tatarstan]. In 3 vols. Kazan, Institute for History named after Shigabuddin Mardzhani, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2007, vol. 3, 529 p. (in Russ.)
34. Tretyakov E. A. Uralo-Sibirskii region v razvitom srednevekov'e (k voprosu o pamyatnikakh makushinskogo tipa) [Ural-Siberian region in the developed Middle Ages (on the question of monuments of the Makushinsky type)]. In: XXII Ural'skoe arkheologicheskoe soveshchanie [XXII Ural Archaeological Meeting]. Kurgan, 2022, pp. 300–303. (in Russ.)
35. Turikeshev G. T.-G., Danukalova G. A., Kutushev Sh.-I. B. Yuzhnoe Predural'e: geografiya, geologiya, tektonika i geomorfologiya [Southern Urals: geography, geology, tectonics and geomorphology]. Monograph. Moscow, INFRA-M, 2016, 260 p. (in Russ.)
36. Tuzbekov A. I. Kashinnaya keramika s selishcha Podymalovo-1 (po rezul'tatam raskopok 2019 goda) [Kashin ceramics from the Podymalovo-1 village (according to the results of excavations in 2019)]. Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovanii [Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research], 2021, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 157–165. (in Russ.)
37. Tuzbekov A. I., Grigorieva I. M., Roslyakova N. V. Rezul'taty arkheozoologicheskogo issledovaniya osteologicheskogo materiala iz raskopok selishcha Podymalovo-1 v Bashkirskom Priural'e (2019) [Results of the archeozoological study of osteological material from the excavations of the village of Podymalovo-1 in the Bashkir Urals (2019)]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury [Problems of History, Philology and Culture], 2022, no. 3, pp. 37–50. (in Russ.)
38. Valkov D. V., Ruslanov E. V., Semin D. V., Fakhretdinov A. I. Stoyanka i gruntovyj mogil'nik Kalinovka-4 – mnogosloinyi pamyatnik v lesostepnom Priural'e [The parking lot and the ground burial ground Kalinovka-4 – a multilayered monument in the forest-steppe Urals]. Ufimskii Arheologicheskii vestnik [Ufa Archaeological Herald], 2020, no. 20, pp. 120–133. (in Russ.) DOI 10.31833/uav/2020.20.009
39. Viktorova V. D. Kurgany u s. Makushino na r. Nitse [Kurgans at the Makushino village on the Nitsa river]. In: Arkheologiya i etnografiya Bashkirii [Archeology and ethnography of Bashkiria]. Ufa, 1964, vol. 2, pp. 247–250. (in Russ.)
40. Viktorova V. D., Morozov V. M. Srednee Zaural'e v epokhu pozdnego zheleznogo veka [The Middle Trans-Urals in the era of the Late Iron Age]. In: Kochevniki Uralo-Kazakhstanskikh stepei [Nomads of the Ural-Kazakh steppes]. Ekaterinburg, 1993, pp. 174–178. (in Russ.)
41. Zeder A., Lapham A. Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify postcranial bones in sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2010, no. 3 (11), pp. 2887– 2905.
42. Zeder A., Pilaar S. E. Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify mandibles and mandibular teeth in sheep, Ovis, and goats, Capra. Archaeological Science, 2010, no. 37, pp. 225–242.
Review
For citations:
Ruslanov E.V. The Yabalakly-1 Settlement: New Materials on the Chiyalik Culture of the Southern Urals. Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology. 2023;22(5):118-130. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-5-118-130
Views:
491
Email this article 