The Role of Confucian Officials in the Ritual Transformations of the Jurchen Jin State during the Reign of Xi-zong
https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-4-106-118
Abstract
During the reign of Xi-zong (1135–1149), the third ruler of Jin, the socio-political structure of the young Jurchen State as well as their customs and beliefs underwent many changes. The adoption of new political and religious components transformed the foundations of Jurchen ethno-cultural identification. At that time, Chinese court etiquette and new Confucian rituals were introduced to Jurchen culture. All these new Confucian rules were a form of new relationships and patterns of behaviour and actions. These innovations were needed to form and strengthen imperial power in Jin. This was the reason why the Jurchen autochthonous culture was adapted to the norms of other ethnic cultures. The reign of Xi-zong, for example, is marked by the formation of state cults of ancestor worship and worship of Confucius. A special role in those innovations and changes was played by non-Jurchen advisers, they were the transmitters of Confucian ideas. Non-Jurchen officials have served in Jin since the formation of the Jurchen State, when the Jurchens took over the territories of the Liao State and the Celestial Empire. By the time of, and during Xi-zong`s reign, non-Jurchen officials did a lot for building a new ceremonial system, to strengthen the imperial power, which is why in the last years of Xi-zong's reign, there was the struggle of the Jurchen nobility against the activities of Confucian officials and the new Chinese ceremonial system they built.
Supporting agencies: The study was carried out as part of the implementation of the scientific theme FZMU-2022-0008, reg. number 1022052600017-6, Strategic Academic Leadership Program “Priority 2030”
About the Author
M. A. Khaymurzina
Amur State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Marina A. Khaymurzina, Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy), Associate Professor
Scopus Author ID 57221965381
RSCI Author ID 670707
Blagoveshchensk
References
1. Chan Hok-lam. From Tribal Chieftain to Sinitic Emperor: Leadership Contests and Succession Crises in the Jurchen-Jin State, 1115–1234. Journal of Asian History, 1999, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 105–141.
2. Franke Н. Chinese Texts on the Jurchen (I): a Translation of the Jurchen in the San ch`ao pei-meng hui-pien. In: Franke H., Chan Hok-lam. Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty. New York, Routledge, 2016, pp. 119–186.
3. Da Jin jili dianxiao [大金集禮點校]. Collection about Li of the Great Jin with verification and edits. Ed. by Ren Wenbiao. Hangzhou, Zhejiang daxue chubanshe, 2019, 640 p. (in Chin.)
4. Goncharov S. N. Kitaiiskaya srednevekovaya diplomatiya: otnosheniya mezhdu imperiyami Czin’ i Sun 1127–1142 [Chinese Medieval Diplomacy: Relations between the Jin and Song Empires 1127–1142]. Moscow, Nauka, 1986, 296 р. (in Russ.)
5. He Junzhe. Jinchao shi [何俊哲。金朝史]. The History of Jin Dynasty. Beijing, Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1992, 628 p. (in Chin.)
6. Istoriya Kitaya s drevneishikh vremyon do nachala XXI veka [The History of China from Ancient Times to the beginning of the 21th Century]. In 10 vols. Moscow, Nauka, Vostochnaya literatura, 2016, vol. 4, 942 р. (in Russ.)
7. Istoriya Zolotoi imperii [History of the Gold Empire]. Transl. of G. M. Rozov, comments of G. M. Malyavkin. Novosibirsk, IAE SB RAS Publ., 1998, 286 p. (in Russ.)
8. Kychanov E. I. Kochevye gosudarstva ot gunnov do man’chzhurov [Nomadic States from the Huns to the Manchus]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura, 1997, 319 p. (in Russ.)
9. Kychanov E. I. Istoriya prigranichnykh s Kitaem drevnikh i srednevekovykh gosudarstv (ot gunnov do man’chzhurov [The History of the Ancient and Medieval States bordering China (from the Huns to the Manchus)]. St. Petersburg, Peterburgskoe lingvisticheskoe obshchestvo, 2010, 364 p. (in Russ.)
10. Li Xiulian. Jinyuan nuzhen de yingxiong shidai [李秀莲。金源女真的英雄时代]. Heroic Era of the Jurchen Jin State. Beijing, Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2018, 267 р. (in Chin.)
11. Li Xiulian. Jinchao shehui xingtai yanjin de lishi shuxie [李秀莲。金朝社会形态演进的历史书写]. Historical Description of the Development of Social Formations of the Jin State. Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 2022, 476 р. (in Chin.)
12. Liu Hui. Jindai ruxue yanjiu [刘辉。金代儒学研究]. A Study of Confucianism of the Jin Era. Beijing, Zhongguo shehuikexue chubanshe, 2017, 253 p. (in Chin.)
13. Rujiao wenti [儒教问题]. The Problems of Confucian Religion. Ed. by Ren Jiyu. Beijing, Zongjiao wenhua chubanshe, 2000, 489 p. (in Chin.)
14. Tao Jing-shen. Political Recruitment in the Chin Dynasty. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1974, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 24–34.
15. The Cambridge History of China. Ed. by Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank. Cambridge, Cambridge Uni. Press, 1994, vol. 6, 776 p.
16. Tillman H. C. An Overview of Chin History and Institutions. In: China under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History. Ed. by H. C. Tillman, S. H. West. New York, State Uni. of New York Press, 1995, pp. 23–38.
17. Toyama Gunji. Jinchao shi yanjiu [外山军治。金朝史研究]. The Study of the Jin Dynasty History. Haerbin, Heilongjiang chaoxian chubanshe, 1988, 496 p. (in Chin.)
18. Tuotuo. Jin shi [脱脱。金史]. History of Jin. Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1975, 2906 p. (in Chin.)
19. Vorobyov M. V. Chzhurchzheni i gosudarstvo Czin' (X v. – 1234 g.) [Jurchen and the State of Chin (10th century – 1234)]. Moscow, Nauka, 1975, 436 р. (in Russ.)
20. Vorobyov M. V. Kul'tura chzhurchzhenei i gosudarstva Czin' (X v. – 1234 g.) [The Culture of Jurchen and the State of Chin (10th century – 1234)]. Moscow, Nauka, 1983, 365 р. (in Russ.)
21. Wang Yulang. Bohai shi xinkao [王禹浪渤海史新考]. The New Study of the Bohai History. Haerbin, Haerbin chubanshe, 2008, 417 р. (in Chin.)
22. Xu Mengxin. Sanchao beimeng huibian [徐夢莘。三朝北盟會編]. Compendium of Treaties with the North during the Three Reigns. Shanghai, Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1987, 1795 p. (in Chin.)
23. Yi Baoli. Jin Shang-jing zhoubian bufen jianzhuzhi ji lingmuzhi gaisu [伊葆力。金上京周边部分 建筑址及陵墓址概述]. A brief overview of the location of the tombs and some structures adjacent to the Upper Capital of Jin. Haerbin xueyuan xuebao, 2006, no. 5, pp. 1–6. (in Chin.)
24. Yuwen Maozhao. Da jin guo zhi jiaozheng [宇文懋昭。大金國志校證]. Records of the Great Jin Kingdom with verification and edits. In 2 vols. Ed. by Cui Wenyin. Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1986, vol. 1, 321 p. (in Chin.)
Review
For citations:
Khaymurzina M.A. The Role of Confucian Officials in the Ritual Transformations of the Jurchen Jin State during the Reign of Xi-zong. Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology. 2024;23(4):106-118. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-4-106-118
Views:
179
Email this article 