Tea as a Means of Diplomacy in the Politics of Military Leaders of Japan in the Late 16th Century

Abstract

This article examines the Japanese tea ceremony as a means of diplomacy in the politics of the military leaders of Japan at the end of the 16th century. The author traces the historical perception of tea in Japan – from an herbal remedy to a political practice significant for the samurai class. Particular attention is given to the influence of Zen Buddhism on the organization and philosophy of tea gatherings. On one hand, the tea ceremony was considered a form of meditative practice aimed at achieving enlightenment; on the other, it aligned with the ideals of the samurai code of bushidō. Drawing on the activities of the three “great Unifiers”, the article analyzes how the tea ceremony was employed to establish political alliances, assert authority, and strengthen social bonds. It highlights the central role of tea masters, whose work combined cultural, religious, and diplomatic functions. The study demonstrates that during that period, the tea ceremony evolved into an independent instrument of both secular and Buddhist diplomacy, capable of influencing Japan’s political hierarchy. It underscores the significance of tea practice in shaping political culture and consolidating the authority of military rulers, revealing the complex interplay of aesthetics, religion, and power.