The Peculiarities of Ethnographic Images on the Maps of Kamchatka Expeditions
https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-3-140-150
Abstract
Purpose. The article considers the peculiarities of the images of the representatives of peoples of Siberia on the ethnographic maps of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, taking place in the first half of the 18th century.
Results. Maps are an important historical source, moreover not only the cartographic information is studied, but also other materials located on the map. Three versions of the final map of the First Kamchatka Expedition, as well as the Ethnographic Map of Siberia of the Second Kamchatka Expedition are a valuable source for research. They contain images of representatives of different peoples and scenes from their lives. A comparative analysis of the drawings of Yakut, Tungus (Evenks), Koryak, Kuril, Chukchi, Kamchadal (Itelmen) was carried out, the features of images of clothing and objects were revealed, and ethnographic analogies were attracted. So, gradually, on different maps a fur coat on Yakut loses its fur trim, the bow becomes a crooked stick with a rope. On later maps, frames appear around the images, the number of representatives of the Siberian peoples increases.
The maps are made by different mapmakers. The first of them was created in St. Petersburg, sketches made during the work of the First Kamchatka expedition were copied on it. Local mapmakers did not quite understand what they were depicting and, therefore, already at this stage there is a loss of part of the ethnographic meaning. The rest of the maps were already copied from the first one, so there is a further loss of ethnographic specificity, simplification of the pictures.
The sequence of implementation of the maps was determined by increasing the number of images, the appearance of frames around them, and their gradual simplification. The earliest version of the final map of the First Kamchatka Expedition shows the summer camp of the Kamchadals under the cartouche. This is the most complete image, on the other sources only individual elements of this sketch were drawn. The ethnographic map of Siberia of the Second Kamchatka Expedition is the most complete in both cartographic and ethnographic contexts. But the greatest losses of the ethnographic specificity of the Siberian peoples are observed on it.
Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, the sequence of compiling versions of the final map of the First Kamchatka expedition (ethnographic version) was determined. The variant of the drawings of representatives of peoples when compiling the ethnographic map of Siberia of the Second Kamchatka expedition is revealed. A gradual partial loss of ethnographic information occurred when copying maps by different mapmakers who did not quite understand what they were depicting.
Supporting agencies: The reported study was funded by the RFBR, project no. 19-49-540002 р_а, with financial support from the Government of the Novosibirsk Region, project number “Electronic archive of handwritten and printed maps of Siberia and the Far East from the end of the 17th century to 1941” (2019–2020)
About the Author
Т. V. Mzhelskaya
Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Tatiana V. Mzhelskaya, Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor
Novosibirsk
References
1. Andreev A. I. Ocherki po istochnikovedeniyu Sibiri [Essays on the study of sources in Siberia]. Moscow, Leningrad, Nauka, 1965, iss. 2, 366 p. (in Russ.)
2. Bayandin V. I., Kationov O. N. Voennye deistviya i voennye ob"ekty na kartakh Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka (XVIII ‒ nachalo XX v.) [Military operations and military objects on the maps of Siberia and the Far East (18th – early 20th century)]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya [Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History], 2020, no. 65, pp. 111‒119. (in Russ.)
3. Elert A. Kh. Istochniki po istorii formirovaniya etnograficheskoi kollektsii kunstkamery uchastnikami Vtoroi Kamchatskoi ekspeditsii [Sources on the history of the formation of the ethnographic collection of the Kunstkamera by the participants of the Second Kamchatka Expedition]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya [Izvestia of Irkutsk State University. Series: History], 2018, vol. 23, pp. 97–111. (in Russ.)
4. Gavrileva R. S. Odezhda naroda Sakha kontsa XVII – serediny XVIII veka: opyt etnograficheskoi rekonstruktsii [Clothes of the Sakha people of the late 17th – mid-18th century: the experience of ethnographic reconstruction]. Cand. Hist. Sci. Diss. Yakutsk, 2000, 221 p. (in Russ.)
5. Golovin S. A. Starinnye karty mira, Rossii i Sibiri [Ancient maps of the world, Russia and Siberia]. In: 3 vols. Blagoveshchensk, BSPU Press, 2012, vol. 3, 209 p. (in Russ.)
6. Gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii muzei. Al'bom [State Historical Museum]. Moscow, Interbuk-biznes Publ., 2007, 191 p. (in Russ.)
7. Ivanova A. P. Krai sveta: Kamchatka [Edge of the World: Kamchatka]. Vestnik Dal'nevostochnoi gosudarstvennoi nauchnoi biblioteki [Bulletin of the Far Eastern State Scientific Library], 2021, no. 2 (91), pp.141‒147. (in Russ.)
8. Kationov O. N. Elektronnyi katalog pechatnykh kart Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka XVIII ‒ nachala XX v. [Electronic catalog of printed maps of Siberia and the Far East of the 18th – early 20th century]. Geo-Sibir' [Geo-Siberia], 2017, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 71‒75. (in Russ.)
9. Kationov O. N. Nauchno-kartograficheskoe izuchenie Sibiri v XVIII ‒ nachale XX v. [Scientificcartographic study of Siberia in the 18th – early 20th century]. Geo-Sibir' [Geo-Siberia], 2007, vol. 6, pp. 76–79. (in Russ.)
10. Kationov O. N., Mzhelskaya T. V. Rukopisnye karty Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka XVII ‒ nachala XX veka kak istochnik dlya etnograficheskikh issledovanii [Handwritten maps of Siberia and the Far East of the 17th – early 20th centuriy as a source for ethnographic research]. Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology], 2020, vol. 19, no. 5: Archaeology and Ethnography, pp. 138‒145. (in Russ.) DOI 10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-5-138-145
11. Kationov O. N., Romanenko N. A., Sidorchuk O. N. Ispol'zovanie kartograficheskikh materialov seti internet pri sostavlenii “Elektronnogo arkhiva kart Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka” [Using cartographic materials of the Internet in compiling the “Electronic archive of maps of Siberia and the Far East”]. Geo-Sibir' [Geo-Siberia], 2020, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 48‒54. (in Russ.)
12. Kationov O. N., Smagin R. Yu., Voronina A. A. Rukopisnye karty Sibiri XVIII – nachala XX v. v arkhivakh, muzeyakh i bibliotekakh Rossii [Manuscript maps of Siberia of the 18th – early 20th century. in archives, museums and libraries of Russia]. Gumanitarnye nauki v Sibiri [Humanities in Siberia], 2012, vol. 3, pp. 53–56. (in Russ.)
13. Khakhovskaya L. N., Vukvukai N. I. Evenskaya etnicheskaya odezhda: klassicheskii kostyum i sovremennaya transformatsiya [Even ethnic clothes: classic costume and modern transformation]. Gumanitarnye issledovaniya v Vostochnoi Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke [Humanitarian research in Eastern Siberia and the Far East], 2020, vol. 2 (52), pp. 17–26. (in Russ.)
14. Krasheninnikov S. P. Opisanie Zemli Kamchatki, Sochinennoe Stepanom Krasheninnikovym, Akademii nauk professorom [Description of the Land of Kamchatka Composed by Stepan Krasheninnikov, Professor of the Academy of Sciences]. St. Petersburg, Pri Imp. Akad. nauk, 1755, vol. 2, 319 p. (in Russ.)
15. Kravets T. V. Vklad nemetskikh puteshestvennikov v izuchenie yazykov malochislennykh narodov Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka [Contribution of German travelers to the study of the languages of the small peoples of Siberia and the Far East]. Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Lingvistika [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series: Linguistics], 2021, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 53‒62. (in Russ.)
16. Materialy po istorii russkoi kartografii [Materials on the history of Russian cartography]. Comp. by V. A. Kordt. Kiev, Tipografiya S. V. Kulzhenko, 1906, ser. 2, rel. 1, 53 p. (in Russ.)
17. Miller G. F. Istoriya Sibiri [History of Siberia]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 2005, vol. 3, 605 p. (in Russ.)
18. Mzhelskaya T. V. Reklama na kartakh kak istoricheskii istochnik [Advertising on maps as a historical source]. Geo-Sibir' [Geo-Siberia], 2019, vol. 5, pp. 60‒67. (in Russ.)
19. Mzhelskaya T. V., Lobanova A. A. Karty Sibiri kak istochnik po izucheniyu sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh voprosov XIX – nachala XX v. [Maps of Siberia as a source for the study of socioeconomic issues of the 19th – early 20th century]. Geo-Sibir' [Geo-Siberia], 2016, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 58–61. (in Russ.)
20. Narody mira. Etnograficheskie ocherki. Narody Sibiri [The peoples of the world. Ethnographic essays. Peoples of Siberia]. Ed. by S. P. Tolstov. Moscow, Leningrad, AS USSR Publ., 1956, 1084 p. (in Russ.)
21. Narody Severa Sibiri v kollektsiyakh Omskogo gosudarstvennogo ob"edinennogo istoricheskogo i literaturnogo muzeya. Katalog etnograficheskoi kollektsii [Peoples of the North of Siberia in the collections of the Omsk State United Historical and Literary Museum. Ethnographic collection catalog]. Ed. by N. A. Tomilov. Tomsk: TSU Press, 1986. 344 p. (in Russ.)
22. Navrot M. I. Novyi variant itogovoi karty Pervoi Kamchatskoi ekspeditsii [A new version of the final map of the First Kamchatka expedition]. In: Letopis' Severa [Chronicle of the North]. Moscow, 1971, vol. 5, pp. 108–121. (in Russ.)
23. Pasetsky V. M. Vitus Bering [Vitus Bering]. Moscow, Nauka, 1982, 176 p. (in Russ.)
24. Shipilov I. A. Istochniki po istorii Sibiri pervoi poloviny XVIII v.: risunki khudozhnikov Vtoroi Kamchatskoi ekspeditsii [Sources on the history of Siberia in the first half of the 18th century: drawings of artists of the Second Kamchatka expedition]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya [Irkutsk State University Bulletin. Series: History], 2020, vol. 34, pp. 73–82. (in Russ.)
25. Svodnyi katalog pechatnykh kart Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka s XVIII veka po 1917 god [Consolidated catalog of printed maps of Siberia and the Far East from the 18th century to 1917]. Electronic reference edition. Novosibirsk, 2016. (in Russ.) URL: http://catalog.inforeg.ru/Inet/GetEzineByID/312658 (accessed 01.08.2021).
26. Svodnyi katalog rukopisnykh kart Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka XVII – nachala XX v. [Consolidated catalog of handwritten maps of Siberia and the Far East of the 17th – early 20th century]. Reference edition. Novosibirsk, NSPU Press, 2019, 464 p. (in Russ.)
27. Tolkacheva N. V. Rossiiskie issledovateli o zaselenii kraya narodami Kamchatki, ikh rasselenii i yazykakh [Russian researchers on the settlement of the region by the peoples of Kamchatka, their settlement and languages]. In: Problemy sotsial'nogo razvitiya, obrazovaniya, traditsionnogo prirodopol'zovaniya i sokhraneniya yazykov korennykh narodov Kamchatskogo kraya [Problems of social development, education, traditional nature management and preservation of the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Territory]. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii: KamchatSTU Press, 2010, pp. 115–123. (in Russ.)
28. Ushnitsky V. V., Alekseeva S. A. Proiskhozhdenie evenkov (tungusov): olennye i peshie kochevniki Sibiri [The origin of the Evenks (Tungus): reindeer and foot nomads of Siberia]. Perspektivy nauki [Prospects for Science], 2015, vol. 11 (74), pp. 97–99. (in Russ.)
29. Zhukova L. N. Glukhaya odezhda tungusov Severo-Vostochnoi Azii [Clothes without a cut of the Tungus of North-East Asia]. Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo nauchnogo tsentra DVO RAN [Bulletin of the North-East Scientific Center of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences], 2007, no. 3, pp. 79‒84. (in Russ.)
Review
For citations:
Mzhelskaya Т.V. The Peculiarities of Ethnographic Images on the Maps of Kamchatka Expeditions. Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology. 2022;21(3):140-150. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-3-140-150
Views:
199
Email this article 