Purpose. This article discusses the use of board games on archaeology, ethnography, and history in the pedagogical and educational process at Altai State Pedagogical University.

Results. The study analyzes the practice of using gaming technologies in the implementation of educational projects with the participation of students of history. The materials of the Universityэs Museum of Local Lore collections and other available scientifically verified materials serve as the basis for game development. The course and results of the development of an archaeological puzzle and a card memo game, an ethnoloto and an ethnopazzla, as well as a historical adventure game are presented. Examples of organizing educational events with a game component are given. The possibilities of converting object-manipulative games into multimedia content are shown.

Conclusion. The authors conclude that the project-based approach makes it possible to effectively combine the theoretical knowledge of students gathered from specialized literature and in the learning process with the active game mechanisms of their presentation in the modern educational space. At the same time, the games themselves can be implemented as cultural and educational events or as educational, educational events, the tasks of which include actualizing interest in history, culture, and the world around them; developing the historical and aesthetic consciousness of participants; creating a situation of active exploration of the subject world of culture and the surrounding cultural, historical and modern environment in general, interaction with them; formation of skills in understanding museum objects; development of independent cognitive and creative activities; formation of a careful attitude towards cultural values.

Purpose. The paper presents the results of comprehensive studies of sediment sections of the reference geoarchaeological sites of the Tunka rift valley, with the aim of reconstructing the conditions and features of local sedimentation during the Late Quaternary period and assessing the influence of these conditions on the strategy of development of the region by ancient humans.

Results. The article deals with classifications by granulometric composition and magnetic properties of sediments. According to the classification of N. N. Verzilin, 6 granulometric types were identified: two types of sand, two types of silty sand, two types of siltstone. The sediments were divided into 2 groups by the degree of variability of their magnetic properties.

Conclusion. It has been established that the main agents responsible for the transportation of Pleistocene-Holocene sediments within the Tunka rift valley are catastrophic flows (floods, mudflows, inundations), mobilizing a significant volume of detrital material. Following the receding of water, the material deposited by the floods was subjected to aeolian processing in highly dynamic subaerial conditions, resulting in the formation of a continuous cover loess-like complex. This, in turn, caused the total activation of slope-wash processes. Additional material was brought in the form of air suspensions and was also deposited in a complex with local products of the blowing and scattering and reweaving of catastrophic floods sediments.

Purpose. The Strelka-1 site is located in the historical center of Krasnoyarsk where the Kacha River flows into the Yenisei River. Cultural layer 3 of the site dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period and contains numerous items made of stone and organic materials – fragments of animal bones, wood, and bone ashes. Based on the evidential interpretation of one of the categories of stone implements (side scrapers), the authors assume that some of the tools were brought to the site in a ready-made form, some were made and used on site, and some were made and taken away.

Results. The side scrapers with traces of intensive processing were of the highest production value. Three of these scrapers showed traces of general non-utilitarian wear – a consequence of their transportation in some loose soft packing. The implements of other types were mostly produced and utilized locally. The separation of three groups of stone implements according to their place in the complete knapping cycle allows us to clarify the quantitative and qualitative assessment of knapping purposes, the stages of tool processing, their purpose, as well as the duration of use.

Conclusion. Such a method is aimed at studying specific archaeological sites as objects of a certain purpose and at determining the functional type of individual concentrations that we have identified within the boundaries of the cultural layer. The studied collection of stone products of cultural layer 3 reflects the dynamic processes of accumulation of a complex of material remains – the processes of accumulation of fragments of stone splitting sequences of various completeness in a limited area of the terrain.

Purpose. This paper categorizes the archaeological research on the Bronze Age in Xinjiang into three major phases based on the level of research and prevailing trends. By systematically examining the significant sites, key academic issues, and relevant literature and works from each phase, a coherent narrative of the development of the Bronze Age archaeological studies in Xinjiang within the Chinese academic community has been articulated.

Results. Before the 1930s, the archaeology of the Bronze Age in Xinjiang was in its initial stage, during which numerous explorations and investigations were conducted by Western scholars The period from 1949 to the late 1980s represents a phase of in-depth exploration in Xinjiang’s Bronze Age archaeology. During this time, Chinese archaeologists undertook extensive field surveys and excavations, yielding a substantial collection of the Bronze Age sites and artifacts. This era also marked the beginning of discussions and research concerning the origins of the archaeological cultures and migrations of populations of the Bronze Age in Xinjiang. From the late 1980s to the present day, we have entered a new phase characterized by the discovery and investigation of a significant number of early Bronze Age sites. An increasing array of multidisciplinary methods has been employed in comprehensive studies of the Bronze Age archaeology in Xinjiang, prompting dialogues about the interactions between the archaeological cultures and populations of Xinjiang and neighboring regions.

Conclusion. Through the sustained efforts of Chinese archaeologists, the archaeological cultural landscape and evolutionary patterns of the Bronze Age in the Xinjiang region have been largely unveiled. Initial clarifications regarding issues of technology, cultural exchange, and population migration during the Bronze Age in Xinjiang have also been achieved.

Purpose. Technical, technological and comparative cultural analyses of individual studied archaeological sites of the Scythian period of Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia have been carried out. The aim is to show the importance of artistic wood carving in the cultural space of nomadic peoples of Eurasia in the Early Iron Age.

Results. It has been revealed that the mounds of the Pazyryk culture at the burial grounds of Verkh-Kaljin in the Russian Altai, Berel in the Kazakh Altai and Olon-Kurin Gol in the Mongolian Altai have much in common. It was found in many details of the funeral rite: identical stone mounds; orientation and depth of rectangular grave pits; in many ways similar burial structures made of wood. The similarity is recorded in the position of the deceased on a wooden bed, with his head facing east. The identity of the accompanying inventory is expressed in sets of clothing and felt headdresses with sets of carved wooden ornaments, related types of weapons and many other wooden tableware sets. A special affinity is shown in the motifs of various horse and human ornaments made of wood, especially in artistic carvings. The absolute similarity was traced through a comprehensive technical, technological and cultural analysis of the ornaments of the horse's bridle of accompanying horses, the horse’s breastplates, and the wands of power of the supreme leaders. Their species diversity is dominated by various forms of vultures.

Conclusions. The main technological feature of artistic carving in the Pazyryk culture was that masters used a universal tool – a knife with a small, thin and very sharp blade. Other tools were of auxiliary importance. There was a steady tradition in the choice of material for making a particular type of item. Practically all wooden ornaments from burial complexes of the Pazyryk culture are made of Siberian cedar wood.

Purpose. The article presents the results of a palynological study of sediments from two late medieval settlements of the Chiyalik culture, Yabalakly 1 and 3. These settlements are located in the forest-steppe region on the left bank of the Dema River.

Results. The published spore-pollen analysis for the late Middle Ages was carried out for the first time. A total of 32 samples were studied. As a result of the study, 26 representative spore-pollen spectra were obtained, reflecting the change in vegetation in a continuous column covering the entire Holocene. The obtained data on the spore-pollen composition of the cultural layer deposits made it possible to characterize the paleolandscapes and climate of the Southern Urals in the 13^th – 14^th centuries, when these archaeological sites were inhabited.

Conclusion. The studied palynospectra allow us to conclude that the existence of Chiyalik antiquities in the studied territory is associated with the most favorable warm and humid period, which in the Southern Cis-Urals was replaced by a more arid and cooler period. Similar trends have been observed in both the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Volga-Ural region. However, the appearance of Golden Horde monuments coincides with a period of cooler and drier climate.

Purpose. The article presents the results of an analysis of the radiocarbon date series (143 units) from archaeological sites of the forest-steppe and subtaiga Tobol-Irtysh region, characterizing the features of habitation, functioning, construction during different stages of the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages (from the 1^st to the 15^th century AD).

Results. The main method of summing up calibrated dates in the work was the Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) model. The nonparametric statistical analysis used in the work has demonstrated its effectiveness dealing with big data. As a result, six graphs of the distribution of calibrated dates were constructed, corresponding to the periods established in the scientific literature: the Late Sarmatian period, the Great Migration Period, the Early and Developed Middle Ages. The chronological stages and sequence of changes in archaeological objects described in the work are closely connected with modern ideas about the dynamics of the material culture of Western Siberia.

Conclusion. When interpreting the obtained ranges, the context was used, reflecting the dynamic change of cultural types, monuments and structures over a period of 1500 years. Thus, the KDE method is an effective statistical tool when working with large data of radiocarbon dates, allowing verification of conclusions based on classical archaeological methods such as typology.

Purpose. The article publishes the results of the analysis of the archaeozoological collection from the settlement site of the early Middle Ages in the South Ural region – the Ufa-II settlement, located in the historical center of the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan (excavation of 2023).

Results. It was established that the cultural site in this area was subjected to powerful anthropogenic impact in the second half of the 20^th century – early 21^st century which entailed the destruction / mixing of the layers of the Middle Ages and the New Age. In connection with this circumstance, the results of the archaeozoological study of 2023 do not allow to fully link the osteological material to the cultural groups of the early Middle Ages and to the cultural layer of the New Age. The collection includes bones of mammals, birds and fish. A significant part of mammalian bones belong to domestic animals, the share of wild species is insignificant.

Conclusion. The dominant species are cattle and small cattle in all conditional strata. Despite the lack of clear chronological boundaries of the cultural strata of the early Middle Ages and the New Age at the site of archaeological excavations in 2023, the composition and ratio of species are similar to the archaeozoological descriptions of previous years. The main source of meat products for the population of the settlement was livestock. Hunting and fishing made up an insignificant part of the population’s economy.

Purpose. In this publication we present the materials from the Baraba Tatar structures complex, discovered at the multi-layered Sergino-2 site on the right bank of the Omi River near the Sergino village in Chanovsky District, Novosibirsk Region. During the excavation, three distinct cultural layers were identified. The oldest one is an Early Iron Age settlement, covered by a Late Middle Ages layer. The top layer represents a complex of modern times structures The purpose of this research is to introduce excavation results into scientific circulation.

Results. The structures complex of Baraba Tatar included a ground dwelling and two utility pits. The reconstruction shows a conical, triangular hut slightly sunk into the ground, with poles covered with layers of birch bark and supported by a central pillar. There were no traces of hearth within the buildings. Most likely, the building burned down – remains of collapsed walls and roofs, and fragments of burnt wood and birch bark were found on the second horizon. Due to the fire, the inhabitants were unable to take their belongings with them, so numerous fragments of ceramic vessels and iron products were discovered under the remains of the structure: knives, chisels, lances, staples, nails, etc. A glass bottle fragment and a rifle flint were also found.

Conclusion. The ceramic complex consists of molded vessels from the Baraba Tatar and Russian ceramic traditions. Animal bones found in the site suggest advanced cattle breeding practices. Most of the iron objects found at the site have analogues in Late Medieval and Russian sites in Siberia and European Russia. The findings demonstrate the interaction between the indigenous and Russian populations in the Baraba forest-steppe during the 18^th and first half of the 19^th centuries.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that the taras structure consisted of two parallel corolla walls with cuts. At the same time, the question of whether the walls were “double-walled” taras is resolved.

Results. As part of the hypothesis testing, the precedents of simultaneous mention of the terms “taras” and “doublewalled” in written sources are considered. It is proved that in such cases it was a double outer wall, and not an outer and inner wall. Examples of the mention of taras “in one wall” are given which directly refutes the hypothesis under consideration. It is proved that the taras and the wall are not the same thing, and that the taras did not form a continuous wall. To solve the problem of the identity of the taras and “double-walled” structures, the ways of describing these structures are analyzed. It is established that taras and “double-walled” are not identical structures according to the method of description. A cartographic analysis of the spread of taras and walls “double-walled” was performed. It was found out that these two constructions have different geographical localization. Chronological analysis showed that the terms in question were used simultaneously.

Conclusion. The totality of the obtained analytical data allows us to assert that the taras were not two parallel corolla walls with cuts and that the taras and the walls “double-walled” are not identical structures.

Purpose. The article analyzes the restoration methods of archaeological finds in museums of Kazakhstan and the historical connection of restorers with traditional artisans, jewelers; the current state of jewelry art passed down from generation to generation, actual problems of the current relationship between the historical relic and traditional methods in the past jewelry art; and the state of application of methods in the restoration literature of the Soviet period. The purpose of the article is to analyze the historical and cultural relationship between traditional jewelry art and modern restoration in our country, to demonstrate the methods and techniques used by restorers in the restoration of ancient crafts, to identify the state of the use of ancient jewelery methods by restorers in the restoration of museum objects. Consideration of special research papers to determine the purpose set out in the research article, study of the restoration work of exhibits in museums, description of the genetic, historical and cultural ties of restorers with ancient jewelry.

Results. A lot of scientific literature was analyzed regarding the methods of restoration of museum items together with their museum classification. The connection of the methods used by modern restorers in their daily work with jewelry art and crafts has been established. The continuation of this art in the intergenerational relations of restorers was described.

Conclusion. The article describes the existing methods of restoration of modern museum objects, and reveals the points that are still reflected in ancient jewelry methods. At the same time, it was found that restorers are descendants of artisans who passed down their craft art from one generation to another on the male line.

Purpose. The aim of this study is to identify the Kipchak ethnic component in some of the peoples of Afghanistan – the Chahar Aimaks, Aimak-i Digar and the Hazaras.

Results. Beginning in the 11^th century, the Kipchak tribes moved into the territory of Maverannahr and established relations with Khorezmshah state. Marriage ties with the Khorezmshahs led to the Kipchaks becoming their military support, and as a result, becoming active participants in their expansion into Afghanistan. During the reign of Emir Timur and his political heirs, the Kipchak tribes, which were part of three military-tribal associations – the Ilchikdai ulus, the Sary-Buga ulus and its descendants, as well as the military corps of Emir Zu-n-Nun Arghun, moved into Afghanistan. During the reign of the Timurid Sultan Mahmud, the Turkestan Kipchak Khusrau Shah came to power and captured the territories of Northern Afghanistan from the Amu Darya to the Hindu Kush. From the beginning of the 16^th century, Northern Afghanistan came under the rule of the Uzbek tribes, among which the Kipchaks were also recorded. As a result of these processes, the Kipchaks gradually became part of the local peoples – the Chahar-Aimaks, Aimak-i Digar and the Hazaras. The Kipchaks are mentioned as a part of the Chahar-Aimaks in the notes of travelers Ferrier, Hanikov, Stewart and others. Sources connect the Kipchaks with the Chahar-Aimak tribes of Taimani, Hazara-Chahar, Jamshidi, and also mention them as a part of the Aimak-i Digar, as well as a part of the Hazara tribe of Khoja. Population genetics data records the relationship between the representatives of the Hazara tribe of Jaguri and the Kipchaks within the Kyrgyz.

Conclusions. Analysis of various sources shows that the Kipchak tribes appeared on the territory of Afghanistan during the reign of the Khorezmshahs. The second wave of the Kipchak tribes moved there during the reign of Emir Timur and his descendants. The Kipchak tribes, as part of the Uzbeks, penetrated into Afghanistan during their expansion led by Sheibani Khan. As a result of these events, the ethnic component of the Kipchaks became part of the nomadic peoples of this country – the Chahar-Aimaks, Aimak-i Digar and the Hazaras.