Vol 18, No 2 (2019)
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9-14 182
Abstract
The article studies the evolution of usage of Russian word spasibo (short version of the original spasi Bog ) throughout the course of different time periods. The article describes its semantic transformation shown in different lexicographical sources starting from the 1847 Vocabulary of Church Slavonic and Russian Language (vol. IV) up until the contemporary time. The usage nuances by “intelligentsia” in the first half of 20th century are pointed out. As a conclusion it is noted that during almost two centuries Russian word spasibo demonstrates grammatical polyfunctionality traced by the lexicographers: it is used as a noun with nearly complete declension paradigm (lacking only the prepositional case). Following the course of its usage the deetymologization (desacralization, desemantisation) has come along its natural path, receiving a powerful impulse as a result of the total atheistic Soviet-era propaganda.
15-30 128
Abstract
Purpose . The paper deals with one of the early traditions in the Old Church Slavonic literature studied by the East Slavic manuscripts of 11-14th century and known in the scientific literature as “Gimovski”. Based on the analysis of the Slavonic translation of one of the Byzantine hymnographic texts from Pentecostarion and Lent and Pentecost Sticherarium - namely the Great and Holy Friday Antiphons - we tried to find out the origin and the typological characteristics of the certain tradition. Specifically for the translated text it is to be found whether the certain type appeared with the direct use of the Greek origin of the text and where this correction or translation took place. Results. The investigation was performed on the material of six East Slavic manuscripts of Pentecostarion and Lent and Pentecost Sticherarium of 11-14th century from different collections and libraries, studied comparatively with the Greek origin of the text and the South Slavonic scripts of the same period. Five of the manuscripts under investigation preserve similar text of the Antiphons which surely originated from one Slavonic text, while the sixth one - namely the Sinodal Pentecostarion, 11-12th cent., Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow), collection 381, № 138 - has the text with the certain different Theotokia. However the observed differences didn’t involve the rest of the text of the Antiphons of the certain script. All the manuscripts of the “Gimovski” type contain in the end of each Antiphon two troparia devoted to the Mother of God - Stavrotheotokion and Theotokion. This structure doesn’t respond to the known versions of the Greek origin of the text with only Theotokion in the end of each Antiphon. The comparative analysis of the texts of the certain hymn from the East Slavic manuscripts under investigation with the South Slavonic versions reveals that the same Stavrotheotokia were also used in the certain Serbian and Bulgarian manuscripts. Conclusion . The investigated version of the Old Church Slavonic translation of the hymnographic text of the Great and Holy Friday Antiphons was made from the Greek text with the different structure compared with the known one. This structure includes in the end of each Antiphon before the Theotokion another troparion devoted to the Mother of God - the Stavrotheotokion. This translation has South Slavonic origin which could be proved with the presence of the same Stavrotheotokia in the certain old Serbian and Bulgarian manuscripts. On the contrary with the results obtained on the material of other texts from the “Gimovski” version the Antiphons of the manuscripts under investigation have variations in the composition of Theotokia which probably were added to the initial text later. The analysis of the mechanism of the composition of the certain hymnographic text helps to understand the preferences of the Old Church Slavonic literature and to find out the reasons of the diversity of the hymnographic traditions at the early stages of its history.
31-37 184
Abstract
Purpose. The origins of Russian etimological lexicography are of special interest for study. The famous Greek en-lightener, preacher and theologian Konstantin Economid was forced to flee to Russia in 1821, during the Greek uprising. Knowledge and abilities of K. Economid were in demand in Russian society: he was elected a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and wrote and published a number of his works in Russia. One of the most significant works in the heritage of the Greek scientist is the work “Experience of the affinity of the language of Slavonic-Russian with Greek.” This work was written in Greek and translated into Russian in Vienna the by the Embassy’s priest Gavriil Menglicky. Results. “The experience of the kinship of the Slavic-Russian language and Greek” consists of three volumes. The first volume is devoted to the comparative analysis of the Russian and Church Slavonic languages - on the one hand, and the Greek language - on the other. The phonetics, word formation, morphology and syntax of the languages are compared. This is followed by the analysis of the Slavic and Greek alphabets and the sounds of these languages; the comparative analysis of the declension and conjugation of verbs, comparison of invariable parts of speech, comparative analysis of word formation nouns in Greek, Church Slavonic and Russian languages. The second and third volumes of the “Experience” are devoted to vocabulary. In these two volumes, Greek scholar gathered the Russian and Church Slavonic words, either directly borrowed from the Greek language, or ascending, according to the scientist, to the common ancestor of the Slavic, European and Asian languages - phracopelasgian language (the term of K. Economid). In the dictionary, the scientist gives his etymology of Russian and Church Slavonic words (and sometimes the etymology of other scientists). Conclusion . The study of this work of K. Economid, as well as the history of its creation in the broad context of science and social life of the era is important for the study of the history of the formation and development of Russian linguistics, and, in particular, Russian lexicography and etymology.
38-46 286
Abstract
It was in 2015 that the new Old Türkic runic inscription was found at the territory Mongolian People’s Republic, on Khanan Khad rock (Hovd aimag, Altai somon), as a result of the work of Buyantsk Russian-Mongolian archaeological expedition. Archaeologists have discovered and documented two textual fragments in Old Turkic runic characters. In 2016 drawings and photographs of the text were published. First Old Turkic Inscription was found in the Khanan Khad rock in 1973 by Mongolian turkologist M. Shinekhüü and then it was published and translated by Soviet scientists E. R. Tenishev and E. A. Novgorodova in 1983. Since then, the published text had been reread by some scholars who suggested to see here not one but two or even three different inscriptions. In 2008, Mongolian archaeologists found new three inscriptions in the area, later published in an attempt to read and translate. In all the catalogues in recent publications one can find six inscriptions from the Yaman Us area. Thus, the inscription found by Russian and Mongolian archaeologists in 2015 should be viewed as the seventh inscription from the area. Purpose . To translate the text on the newly found inscription and to offer an interpretation based on the material published by Russian and Mongolian archaeologists. Results . The clear representation of characters of Old Turkic writing makes it possible to identify them and, thereafter, read the text without difficulty. The two fragments found were identified by the author as a single line of text, that was the following (1) qonoq ( a ) rč ( ï ) γ ( a ) t ( ï ) p ( a ) γ ( ï ) r ( ï ) γ r1 ? (2) t ( a ) rq ( ï ) n ču a? translated as “(1) Throwing a saddle-bag of a guest, (2) let’s remove a weight!”. Conclusion . The content of the inscription gives the reason to view the text as an indirect evidence of existence of a certain community located at the territory of the Khanan Khad rock. Naturally, it may be either a greeting, parting words or a warning. But it is impossible, according to the author, to date the inscription and interpret it in wide historical context because of lapidarity of inscriptions as a whole. The most interesting material is presented by tamga sign attested. The important fact is of the identity of the tamga sign of the inscription examined with another one attested near inscriptions found in the area. Any conclusion regarding dating based on the attempts of paleographical analysis is unsatisfactory because the relations between the various forms of runic characters really are unclear. For example, there are, at least, two different points of view on the relationship of various forms of signs of Old Turkic Writing, belonging to I. V. Kormushin and I. L. Kyzlasov, which contradict each other. But the lexicon of the texts presents interesting material to serve as an argument for those who date the inscriptions as belonging to relatively later times. So, the lexeme t2 MČn2, found in the firstly-discovered Yamaan Us inscription, may be read as t ( ä ) mč ( i ) n or t ( ä ) m ( i ) č ( i ) n ; it is a personal name and its etymology cannot be traced on the basis of Turkic lexical material.
47-53 146
Abstract
One of the main logical receptions in knowledge by the person of subjects and phenomena of surrounding reality are comparisons. Comparisons represent the cogitative category promoting in knowledge of communications and the relations between the phenomena and subjects, their identification and distinction. In this article of comparison we will consider as a basis of poetic figurativeness and a source of an origin of ladders in the epic text - a masterpiece of nonmaterial values of mankind, the heroic epos olonkho. In article the characteristic of features of functioning and system and structural expression of comparative designs in the epic text on materials Yakut olonkho is given to “Kyys Debiliye” and “Mighty Er Sogotokh”. As object of research comparative designs with an indicator curduk ʽsimilarʼ are chosen. The use of the discussed designs in creation of these or those epic images and pictures is described. The purpose of work consists in detection of features and regularities of functioning of comparative designs in the epic text olonkho. Research problems: 1) to define structural types of comparative designs, it is most frequency met in texts olonkho; 2) to reveal the images becoming a comparison standard in the national epic. Scientific novelty of work is defined by that it is for the first time supposed to investigate functioning of comparisons on material of the epic text olonkho. Research methods: linguistic description, structural-semantic. In the epic text, as designs, it is most frequency nominal comparative designs meet an indicator curduk ʽsimilarʼ where as a standard of comparison the noun acts, and also the considerable quantity of comparative designs consists of a formula “a noun in the form of accusative case + participle on -byt + curduk”. As a standard for comparison in olonkho the phenomena of the surrounding nature, a plant and the animal, esthetic ideals which became traditional in the Yakut folklore often act.
54-61 122
Abstract
The study of names and descriptions is based on the epic texts of the Khakas culture. Proper names of the epic discourse are regarded as definite descriptions that possess the ability to identify an individual referent and to function as proper names. The interpretation of proper names as descriptions is based on the linguistic and the logic researches presented in the works by N. D. Arutyunova; E. V. Paducheva; A. D. Shmelev; B. Russell; G. Frege; S. Kripke etc. Different types of epic nominations have been identified. The most popular of them are metaphorical, metonymical, and metaphtonymic nominations. They demonstrate the features of conversion of appellative as a simple description into proper name. The article presents metaphtonymic nomination as one of the types of epic proper name. The analysis of metaphtonymic nomination demonstrates the transition of indefinite characterizing predicate description (related to any objects in general and denoted attributes) to the actantial position. In this syntactic context the appellative gets the definite reference and the aptitude to signify an individual being. Conversion of indefinite characterizing predicate description is claimed to be the central mechanism of generation of metaphtonymic names. It must be emphasized that this type of nomination is a complex process of interaction and correlation of binary phenomena, leading to the emergence of proper name as a separate lexical category.
62-71 189
Abstract
The aim of this article is to define the semantics of the lexemes marked by possessive affixes in Tundra Nenets and Vach Khanty and therefore to get the semantics of the possessive affixes established. The defined semantics both in Tundra Nenets and Vach Khanty are compared. Possessive affixes can function as independent affixes marking lexemes of different theme groups. Markedness of the lexemes by possessive affixes can be a part of bigger constructions like head-marked and double marked constructions. The aim of this article is to study the independent usage of possessive affixes in Tundra Nenets and Vach Khanty as morphological means of expressing possession to a person. This research is based on the glossed corpus of Tundra Nenets folklore texts and Vach Khanty field recorded texts. Both languages are recognized as endangered. To analyze the semantics of the possessive affixes, a narrow approach to possessive semantic relations has been applied. Theme groups of the lexems marked by the possessive affixes have been defined, the semantics of the possessive affixes thus have been established for each theme group. These are: kinship terms, body parts, objects of legal ownership, processes and results of those, locations. Tables with comparatible examples of the theme groups and resulting semantic relations in Tundra Nenets and Vach Khanty are presented. In Tundra Nenets the list of the parts of speech able to be marked by possessive affixes is not limited only to nouns, but also includes pronouns, adjectives, numerals and postpositions derived from nouns. The spectrum of the lexemes marked by possessive affixes and possessive semantic relations are practically similar in Tundra Nenets and Vach Khanty, but the obligation of the markedness is different. For example, in Tundra Nenets lexemes of the theme groups ʻbody partsʼ and ʻkinship termsʼ are obligatorily marked by the possessive affixes while in Vach Khanty the lexemes of these theme groups are not. In addition, in Tundra Nenets folklore texts and speech a lot of examples were found implying that possessive are affixes also used to express definiteness, referentiality, amplification besides the possessive semantics. The examples of such usage of possessive affixes in Vach Khanty texts are found to be sporadic. In general, a tendency for coding possessive relations with lexical means is spotted in Vach Khanty due to the Russian interference. In Tundra Nenets the usage of markedness with possessive affixes is still widely spread. The relevance of the article is based on several notions: researching means of expressing possession is essential not only from a linguistic point of view, but also from a cultural one, because defining possessive semantics and possessives helps to understand the personal sphere limits of influence assigned by language to every speaker. In this article, the analysis of morphological means of expressing possession is done from typological and crosslinguistic perspectives.
72-85 356
Abstract
In the following article, we analyze the semantic and pragmatic potential of the lexeme птица ‘bird’ and, more broadly, of the so-called ornithological lexis, which includes derivates of the word птица ‘bird’ and nominations of attributes and actions typical for birds. Our empirical base is further enriched by idioms (phraseological units, speech formulae, and precedent expressions), which form a broad associative field related to our mental concepts of birds. On the basis of various linguistic and speech facts, it is possible to confirm the presence of a universal cognitive mechanism which equates certain anthropological traits (appearances, behavior, movement, transition, emotions, intellect, speech, social status) with ornithological ones. This is marked by metaphorical and idiomatic meanings of lexemes belonging to the functional-semantic cluster птица ‘bird’. Because metaphors based on ornithological lexis are regularly used and reproduced, we can confirm the cultural and aesthetic value and relevance of the concept ПТИЦА ‘bird’ in various types of modern Russian discourse. However, the image of the ПТИЦА ‘bird’ is ambivalent, because its systematic and contextual evaluations are also ambivalent or polarized, which means that this concept can be further researched, as well as the means of its verbalization in various aspects (derivative and semantic).
86-97 138
Abstract
This paper deals with “k” type guttural consonants of the South Kyungsans Korean using experimental data. To write this paper a complex methodology, including linguistic and instrumental techniques, was used. Guttural consonants are researched by several parameters such as lenth, aspiration, occlusivenes - fricativeness, explosions. According to our data, all initial allophones are voiceless. Statistical data shows that the length of the sound is not the differential cue for all phonemes. To a greater or lesser degree all allophones have aspiration. In the result of the detailed analysis transformations of aspirated and fortis initial guttural consonants were found.
98-106 373
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to describe characteristics of unusual interjections, to give their interpretation based on the use in manga, to determine their functional types. In the course of the study, we identified 6 functional types of interjections: emotional, onomatopoematic, verbal, cognitive, etiquette, mixed. As a result, it was found out that most of new interjections are onomatopoeic. The search for new interjections and their analysis allowed us to expand the existing study of interjections, to identify new functional types. This knowledge can be useful for compilation of a specialized dictionary of interjections.
107-114 141
Abstract
Purpose. New color names are constantly being formed in Russian. Basically, these are names derived from the names of items with a pronounced color. Metal names are often used in this way. Dictionaries record the coloristic meanings of some nouns and adjectives of this group. Moreover, almost all definitions of words in this group are ostensive, that is, they associate color with the color of the metal. Thus, the definitions explicate the relationship between native speakers' knowledge of metals and the color of an object resembling metal. Dictionaries always associate with metals a shade of the basic color (steel - silver-gray, copper - reddish, silver - grayish-white). Gold is an exception, it is considered the benchmark for yellow. Iron, steel, silver, and platinum are the benchmarks for the color located in the transition zone between white and gray. Moreover, dictionaries often define the same color as the color of different metals and vice versa, the color of the same metal is determined differently. These facts do not allow to single out the cognitive content of the color names associated with the names of metals. Results. Analysis of metaphors in which the color of the metal is a source domain, allowed to draw conclusions about the cognitive importance of knowledge about the color of metals. If the name of the metal is involved in the metaphorical process, then among its derived values there is necessarily a coloristic value. This confirms the conclusion that the sign “color” for metal is among the most cognitively significant. Objects whose color is defined as silver, platinum, iron or steel, often the same, and their color may vary slightly. Comparison with the metal gives the most accurate representation of the color of these objects. Contexts demonstrate that for a native speaker of the Russian language, these metals still differ in color, that they are complex tint colors opposed to the main colors. Silver and platinum are the lightest of all metals, they are very similar in color. The differences between them are, rather, not coloristic, but axiological. When the color of objects is identified by referring to the color of platinum, it means that they are also credited with the qualities ‘fashionable’, ‘luxury’, ‘chic’ and the like. Perhaps that is why silver is used as a reference for this shade. The color of iron and steel is distinguished not only by the presence of a blue tint on steel, but also axiologically. The color of steel in the Russian language picture of the world is associated with a lack of feelings, even with cruelty.
115-125 134
Abstract
The article is devoted to a contrastive analysis of the categories of truth and lie in the French and Russian mentality. The study was carried out by the method of analyzing the etymology of the indicated concepts, their mythological processing and representation, contrastively analyzing the compatibility of words and their synonyms, reconstructing and comparing the real connotations (according to V. A. Uspensky) of central concepts from synonymous series, the results were presented in a standardized form, results. Comparison of these categories showed that the French ordinary consciousness does not disclose the notion of truth, but only the rights, which everyone possesses, and therefore they are subjective and not objective. This is a fact worthy of attention, because other thought categories in the French language, such as reason, consequence and goal, for example, demonstrate a stable duality of objectivity / subjectivity. The French concept of lie ( mensonge (n.f.)) is close to the Russian notion of lie, it has a similar set of meanings: the Russian language picture in this area clearly demonstrates the division of the conceptual field into top and bottom, higher and a terrestrial. Representation of heaven life where not the pantheon of the gods, but good and evil / right and wrong operate, shows the connectedness of the Russian consciousness in this area with the Christian, and not the pagan interpretation of the world. The French mentality is characterized by the domination of the ancient view of life over the Christian, expressing, for example, in mixture of concepts of deception and fiction - the first related to the intent to defraud, the second, is not associated with the intent to betray in a selfish way, but to entertain. This correlation is directly linked to the ancient origins of ideas in this area and is reflected in many European languages.
126-133 175
Abstract
Purp ose. The aim of this paper is to study the religious influence which V. A. Zhukovsky experienced in his childhood. We know that religious themes were highly important for the poet during his entire life. Results. Zhukousky left no memories of his childhood, and this period of his biography has to be judged, in fact, by the only main source - the memoirs of his niece A. P. Zontag, as well as by K. Zeidlitz's book Life and Poetry of Zhukovsky , which took into account the comments made on these memoirs by the sister of A. P. Zontag A. P. Elagina. Although neither in the memoirs of Zontag nor in the book of Zeidlitz is the theme of childhood religiosity of Zhukovsky emphasized, it is possible to study the religious influences that the poet experienced in his childhood, using these texts and the family Chronicles of the circle Bunin-Protasov-Yushkov-Elagin-Beer. The Bunin’s family lifestyle, like that of the most part of provincial noble families, was a mix of westernized and patriarchal, closely related to the Orthodox way of life, forms of everyday life. This even affected the device space of the Bunin family home - the Mishenskoe manor. It was located near the famous Zhabynsky monastery, and the bell ringing of churches and the monastery of Belev was well heard in the manor. Near the manor house there was a stone church in the name of The Intercession of the Virgin. The great Church singing in this church was led by the godfather of V.A. Zhukovsky - A.G. Zhukovsky. The temple was richly decorated with icons. The local legend of the end of the nineteenth century attributed V.A. Zhukovsky the authorship of two of them - the temple icon of St. Nicholas and the icon of the Annunciation. A visit to this temple probably produced a deep religious and aesthetic impression on Zhukovsky. The family of the future poet was kind and caring, but it could hardly offer the boy an inspiring example of Christian life. It seems that among the older Zhukovsky’s relatives no one could give him the example of pious religious life. But young Zhukovsky, undoubtedly, heard the family stories about all kinds of miracles and unusual occurrences that took place in the Bunin’s circle. Some of these miracles described in the family Chronicles are connected with the intercession of Orthodox saints. More often the description of miracles and mysterious events, e.g., events were associated with the phenomenon of the dead is found in the Chronicles. Conclusion . Summing up, it should be said that in young Zhukovsky’s everyday life there were such elements that could affect the child, awakening in him an attraction to the beauty of the Church rite (Church singing, icons, bells) and aesthetic interest in the field of miraculous and mysterious.
134-138 165
Abstract
The article is devoted to some features of the category of narrative modality in A. S. Pushkin’s prose fragments. In the article, we analyze two main types of focalization in Pushkin's prose passages: external and internal. As one can see, the passages are dominated by internal focalization and a homodiegetic narrator, which is explicated through self-presentation. Personality traits of Pushkin’s narrator using subjective form of presentation are manifested in actions, comments, and judgments about the events. External focalization in the passages is realized in the figure of the narrator, whose simplicity of narration is created by Pushkin through the use of rhetorical and stylistic devices typical for spoken language. The choice of a particular type of localization corresponds to Pushkin’s artistic goals. External focalization creates in this passages a certain philosophical ‘fairness’ regarding the depiction of life. Homodiegetic protagonist-narrator, as a direct participant in the events, on the one hand, distances the author from what is happening in the text, and on the other, he motivates the naturalness and emotional tension of the character’s speech.
139-147 139
Abstract
Purpose. The article examines changes which Rudin-type protagonist, who was initially incorporated into Russian literary characterology by I. S. Turgenev, undergoes in Chekhov’s prose in the middle of 1880 - 1890s. Three Chekhov's short stories, On the Road , Neighbours , and Visiting Acquaintances , differ in mode of representation of this type. Firstly, each of them articulates some essential discourse of general idealism; also, the value of these declarations is being gradually destroyed starting from the first work to the last. In two earlier short stories, the author employs the confessional form of protagonist self-presentation. Results . In On the Road , the plot and the narrative situation are structured to prove that the hero is fully active as a person who calls for searching ideals around. His recipient, the young woman Ilovaiskaya, is willing to follow him wherever he goes. Genre matrix of Christmas story would permit this kind of finale: everybody is expecting a miracle on Christmas night. But when the night passes over, each character chooses their own way of living and their own road to leave the station they stood at. In Neighbours , the Rudin-like hero, Vlasich, does not appear to be gifted enough to catch the real life signals. Thus, he gets an opponent, Ivashin, who feels (but doesn't speak out) inner disagreement with his expressive phraseology. Vlasich is a hero retelling common aspects of liberal ideology. Certainly, he stands for personal freedom, but he is unable to learn the single man’s inner world. His superficial mind is evaluated by his opponent. His social energy is high, but it does not matter in case of neighbour’s girl, Ivashin’s sister, credit. The last short story, Visiting Acquaintances , represents a pseudo-protagonist of Rudin’s type. Losev’s egotism and narcissism make him incredibly dull. His declaration of idealism is rejected by his opponent, Ivashin. Unlike the situation in Neighbours , he accuses Losev loudly. Conclusion . To sum up, these three short stories by Chekhov represent the general degradation of Rudin-type protagonist from the 1880s to late 1890s.
148-154 164
Abstract
The article traces the changes in the mystery motif in Chekhov’s calendar short stories of 1883-1887. The motif of mystery is frequent in Chekhov’s works, but still it is quite underresearched in studies dedicated to his calendar short stories. In his early calendar short stories ( Fortunetellers and Wisewomen (pre-New Year pictures), (1883), The Mirror (1885), The False Mirror (1883) etc.), that are dedicated to the Church and the secular system of the calendar, the mystery motif of the world correlates with the everyday level: characters vainly try to peek behind the veil of creation mystery, because they are obsessed with legends and superstitions in their minds, as well as various nontraditional (esoteric and spiritual) practices. A. P. Chekhov mocks the concept of mystery that is frequently found in his earlier stories. Chekhov condemns those who believe in demonic powers and spiritism, opposing logic and common sense to mysticism. In 1886-1887 A. P. Chekhov’s manner turns to psychological realism. There begins a revision of his creative work. The motif of unknowability also evolves, acquiring ontologistic features.
ISSN 1818-7919 (Print)