Purpose. The article analyzes editorial and publishing strategies and tactics of the illustrated weekly “Iskra” (“Spark”), aimed at discrediting the fiction department of the journals “Vsemirny Trud” (“World Labor”) and “Day Spring” (“Zarya”). Results. On the basis of feuilleton notes, satirical essays, reviews and assessments of contemporaries, the reputation of publications are investigated, the principles of constructing symbolic capital (and its undermining) by the “Iskra” editorial staff are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the controversy surrounding the novel by Leo Tolstoy “War and Peace”. This situation is not unique. The development of the magazine and newspaper market determines the development of competition. This was equally true for “Iskra”, whose existence in the magazine field of the sixties allows us to compile a fairly complete portrait of the mass reader of the era. In the future, most of the illustrated weeklies will use the same strategy of discrediting related and more complex publications. At the same time, responding to the urgent events of everyday life and reacting to new periodicals, the “Iskra” for a modern researcher becomes a kind of crooked mirror, which most clearly reflects the difficult situation of the history of Russian journalism in the late 60s of the 19th century. Conclusion. Creating an antiworld of Russian life and Russian journalism, “Iskra” paid special attention to discrediting Slavophil periodicals and conservative vector publications. The hypothesis is put forward in the article, according to which, such tactics had not only (and not so much) ideological tasks, but commercial ones. The literal “squeezing” and “survival” of opponents from the literary and journalistic field was not only the principle of the existence of “Iskra”, which did not have any independent ideological platform, but also a way of converting symbolic capital into real, quantifiable, including the number of subscribers and circulation of the publication.

Purpose. The aim is to identify the features of censorship of Tomsk private newspapers at the end of the 19th century - in the 1880s, when the city did not yet have a special censor, and its functions were assigned to the chairman of the Tomsk provincial government. The research material is archival files stored in the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Tomsk Region, as well as reviews and letters from Siberian Newspaper journalists about the period of their cooperation with the publication. Results. As a result of studying a document entitled “Note on the difficulties with censoring private periodicals in Tomsk”, which is part of the case “On publishing a Siberian Newspaper in Tomsk” (storage location is the Russian State Historical Archive), stages of preliminary censorship of Tomsk publications, the organization of activities for censoring newspapers was revealed, the conditions in which Tomsk censors worked were described. The content of the document indicates the absence of a clear organization of interaction between the censor and the newspaper, as the Tomsk censor was not relieved of his duties as chairman of the provincial board. Censorship was carried out to the detriment of the official’s core business, and therefore articles were often passed to the press that were criticized by the Main Press Directorate, local authorities and private individuals. Conclusion. The study concludes that the absence of a separate censor was a serious obstacle to the further development of journalism in Tomsk.

The article spans the growth of journalism as a profession, analyzes the process of its institutionalization in Europe, the USA and in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. The focus of the article is the genesis and development of professional organizations associated with internal corporate professional reflection. The journalism as a profession was established and recognized by society and the professional community almost simultaneously in European countries, in the USA, and in Russia, in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. At the same period significant changes shocked the economic, political and social spheres of these countries. Strengthening the activities of trade unions, the spontaneous struggle of workers for their rights led almost everywhere to an increase in wages and a decrease in the length of the working day. Technical innovations improved the process of collecting and disseminating information. All these above mentioned factors encouraged the rapid development of the mass press. Publishers and journalists faced a major challenge since society demands for journalism, as one of the most public professions, at that time was extremely high, but journalists and professional community did not meet them well. The article studies the goals and functions declared by public professional journalistic organizations. As a result of investigation the author identifies several types among these institutions: organizations that maintained and broadcasted ethical and professional standards; organizations that fought for the rights of members of the corporation; organizations that provided financial support to members of the corporation; organizations that provided training for journalists; organizations that solved commercial, business problems through the intercorporate cooperation, protection of commercial interests in relations with the state. Organizations from different countries gave priority to various aspects of journalistic activity. Whereas the first European professional journalism organizations usually joined forces of the editors, journalists, and publishers to solve ethical and social problems, in the United States commercial interests and professional ethics came to the fore, so the fight for the rights and struggle for freedom of speech were far less important. The experience of journalists of the “Progressive Era” and the “Muckrakers” indicates that this is primarily due to the characteristics of political system and traditions of the country. In Russia, the process of institutionalization of corporate relations developed in accordance with global trends, but, unlike them, under state control. The main functions of professional associations were supporting members financially, establishing and codifying ethical standards.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the coverage in the Russian and foreign press the preparation and conduct of the first Russian season in Paris (then in Berlin) by S. P. Diaghilev in 1906, which became the beginning of implementation of large-scale activities of impresario in Western Europe, whose main objective was the promotion of almost unknown at the time for the Europeans the Russian art. Results. Quoting the correspondence of artists-friends of Diaghilev, memoirs of contemporaries, publications in the press, as well as modern research, allows the author to assert that the basis of this cultural project of the impresario was the exhibition “Two centuries of Russian painting and sculpture”, where he exhibited ancient Russian icons, works of Russian artists of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century, as well as paintings by members of the art Association “World of Art” who were the representatives of Russian symbolism and modernism. Conclusion. The studied materials indicate that the success of the first Russian season set the stage for further cultural activities to acquaint Western Europe with a variety of achievements of Russian art and their success among critics and the public.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to study the specialized journal of Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) “Siberian rabselkor”. This publication played a large role in the development of regional media education in the 1920s. The author analyzed the working methods of the editorial board of the journal aimed at the formation of professional abilities among freelance newspaper correspondents. Among them were the main provisions of the theory of journalism based on examples of specific author publications, analysis of positive and negative samples of information materials, discussion of problematic issues of the rabselkor movement. Results. The article identifies the types of organization of feedback from the editorial staff and readers of the magazine: involving freelance correspondents in the discussion of discussion issues, summarizing the experience of the editorial boards of the best wall newspapers and the work of the rabselkor circles, publishing readers’ suggestions for improving rabselkor’s work. Conclusion. The editors of the magazine “Siberian rabselkor” paid attention not only to the ideological and political content of the rabselkor’s materials, but also to their form. Acute issues related to the problems of the rabselkor movement were discussed on the pages of the journal in the form of a dispute. Thus, the magazine was a necessary tool for regional media education of a mass audience.

The article is devoted to research of features of mythological model, which is reflected in the late journalism of Valentin Rasputin. The complex of interconnected myths is revealed, their historical roots are traced. The eschatological myth is considered; the author shows that the messianic idea of Russia’s unique role in the world is accompanied by the construction of the enemy image. Images of internal enemies (liberals) and external enemies (Europe and America) are demonized. The eschatological experiences of the crisis moments of “adjustment period” and the beginning of the 21st century are accompanied by utopian nostalgia for the “Golden Age”, which the writer saw in the historical background of Russia, particularly in the Soviet era. The article considers Rasputin’s utopian idea of power and the government leader. Denying liberal values, the writer asserts the idea of a strong ruler, whose main function is to “fulfill God’s laws”. Stalin is recognized as an example of a leader who expressed the «national spirit». Rasputin’s mythology has common features with the concept of “Third Rome” and with some categories of Old Russian autocratic ideology of the 16th century, as well as with the ideas of Old Believers. The article traces the ways of constructing the author’s myth. The writer’s mythology is based on non-critical use of concepts and myths and is based on archetypes of national mythology. Besides, the writer constructs the myth with the help of language tools, creating neologisms and using estimation vocabulary. Rasputin's mythological model reflects the conceptual core of conservative ideology.

The article presents the results of the analysis the official community of TV channel “Russia C” in such social net-works as Facebook, “VKontakte”, “Classmates” and Instagram. These materials published between January 13 and 19 in 2020. The analysis was carried out according to such criteria as the number of posts, coverage, audience reaction (expressed in likes and comments), the nature of communication with the audience, the type of content (broadcast products, materials from the site, unique content), the form of submission of the material (text, video). As a result, official communities have their own unique face and do not repeat the on-air and online versions of the channel.

This article reflects the results of studying the infographics on the sites of large cities in Siberia - the second stage of infographics studying in regional media, specifically of the most cited Internet mass media of Krasnoyarsk and Omsk cities with a population of over 1 million people in the Siberian Federal District. During the first stage it was shown how this format was developed chronologically and how many infographics were published on these sites over the years. At the second stage of the study, the content analysis method and the typological method were applied to the generated empirical database, and the audience indicators of the respective projects were analyzed. As a result, the article provides quantitative characteristics of different types of infographics. The typology was carried out for various reasons: autonomy from the accompanying text, interactivity, type of presentation of data (processes, objects), which corresponds to the created information graphics. The text also describes the various editorial features of creating infographics in seven analyzed online media, answers to questions: do the editors create their own infographics or borrow it for information or advertising purposes, which topics are visualized in this way, what data sources are used, in which programs do they work and etc. And the analysis of audience indicators allows us to conclude whether the presence of infographics in the text helps to increase the number of readings.

The article discusses the features of media construction of a social problem by the Russian media on the example of the case of “death groups” (2015-2017) in the context of the influence of post-truth society on mass communication. The analysis reveals factors that form the misstatement in vision of a social problem; an analogy is drawn with the spread of fake news in the media. Special attention is paid to the role of the government in the media construction of the social problem of “death groups” and its ideological content. Based on the study, it is concluded that in post-truth society, media construction of a social problem proceeds with an emotional, uncritical perception of false, ideologically sharpened information. The gathered facts show a dismatch between the media representation of “death groups” and their real social sense.

The relevance of the study is associated with the transformation of media consumption of the young generation under the influence of the realities of the information society. Of particular theoretical significance is the identification of the degree of objectivity of the rationale for differentiating the young generation of media consumers into two subgroups - Y and Z. The empirical basis was both the results of studies of youth media consumption presented by various domestic authors, as well as their own study of media consumption by Tambov schoolchildren and students. The research material is the online publications Meduza and NR, which were named as the source of news by the majority of the polled millenials and centenials. The methodological base of the work is based on a systematic approach and a comparative method. The results of this study show that the media consumption of generations Y and Z has identical characteristics: multi-tasking thinking, a high level of technological culture, the desire for active consumption of information, the need for individual choice of media content. However, one can state the objectivity of justifying the differentiation of the young generation of media consumers into two subgroups. Millennials are characterized by egocentricity, centennials - by tolerance; in the content of information for generation Y, an element of the game is obligatory, and for generation Z - the actual basis; millennials are self-confident, open to various streams of information, while centenials are distinguished by an ironic view of the world.

This article sets out to systemize and modernize the study of theoretical knowledge in regards to the analysis of Russian literary and drama shows. The author is examining the conceptual basis picked out of a segment of broadcasting. The conceptual basis is formed from a number of proposed theories dating from the origin of radio broadcasting to contemporary time, while taking in consideration the reality of a modern media market. The foundation of the study is an analysis of 49 literary and drama cycles broadcasted on “Detskoe radio” (“Children’s radio”), as it relates to their genre orientation. This radio station is the only broadcaster in Russia that’s sole content is literary and drama shows. Despite the regularity of such shows not only on the air, but also on the Internet, questions regarding the genre stratification remain open. The author concludes that most prominent researches in the field only rarely touch on concepts that have become in wide use during the development of literary and drama broadcasting, such as “radio drama”. The author thus, sets out to show a more finite and explicit, genre system of literary theatrical shows, at least as it relates to previous attempts.

Purpose. The article presents the results of an analysis of the work of Russian-speaking conversational radio stations with a YouTube platform. The accounts of 13 information and talk radio stations broadcasting in Russia and materials published on the YouTube site were analyzed. Results. The analysis was carried out in the summer and autumn of 2019 according to criteria such as the number of released materials, views, comments, “likes”, the nature of the content (on-air or special), informational occasions, format and timing. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that most of the analyzed radio stations, with the exception of those who synergize with video content producers or specifically develop this resource, don’t yet know how to use YouTube tools and understand the specifics of working with the audience on this platform, and can’t compete with the top bloggers.

Radio content is central to the formation of the broadcast programming grid. News releases, depending on the format of the radio station, are broadcast regularly: every 15 minutes, every half hour, every hour. And also the format of the media affects the specifics of the compilation and layout of the news block. The functional features of news broadcasting of information radio stations are, first of all, the “depth” of news feed with the possibility of a detailed description of current events, inclusion of expert comments and ratings in the issue. In turn, for entertainment radio stations, a certain “narrowness” of information broadcasting is inherent, which should correlate with the format of the media and the age of its target audience. In order to indicate the information agenda on entertainment radio stations, the author analyzes it using the popular “Radio Dacha” as an example. The purpose of this study is to identify the functional features and characteristics of the news releases broadcast on “Radio Dacha”. To conduct the study, the method of included observation and content analysis of news releases on radio stations from April 2011 to December 2019 were used. The study showed that it is the format of the radio station that plays a key role in the formation of news releases. The layout is also affected by the target audience and program policy of the radio station. Listeners are told about the pragmatic but exciting side of life. The news is broadcast on the main agenda in Russia and the world in a short but capacious format that echoes the rhetoric of the ruling political party. Based on what, we can draw the following conclusion: there is informational content on “Radio Dacha”, but news release is rather an actual infotainment program without a “depth” of information material.

In the article the four-level model of the image of the author of publicistic text is considered. There are metatext, its structure and semantics are analyzed. The authors analyze the formation of meanings at the level of actual, conceptual and implicit information. The article proves the connection of metalanguage behavior with the semantic structure of the text. The authors identify the main functions of metatext in the column genre: coherence, differentiation of subject-speech narrative plans, characterization of words and utterances as signals of an epoch or social situation, modeling of the author’s image, etc. “Textotyping” is considered as special function of metatext. The authors also distinguish different types of metatext, including hidden metatext and metatext and fictitious metatext. A sample of metatext analysis of media production is shown. The article analyzes the speech mask and metatext behavior as a component of the author’s image.

The problem of studying the language of press in mass media is very important and practically significant. The competition that has developed in recent years on the publishing market, the large-scale offensive of the Internet, and the development of information technologies compel journalists working in periodicals, including Belarusian ones, to seek new forms of attracting reader’s attention and to keep their readers. The ability of the author of the publication to create the necessary level of attraction in communication with the interlocutor-reader depends not only on knowledge of the psychological component of this phenomenon, but also on the effective use of various means of communication, elements of different language levels (in particular, phonetics, graphics, syntax). In Belarusian periodicals published in Russian the potential of using emotionally and expressively colored elements as well as occasional words is growing, including non-standard formation.

The article considers the problem of a name as a symbolic attachment (marker) assigned to the cultural object in the communication process. The features of signalization of poetry magazines in tradition and in cyberspace are revealed. To clarify the differences between the signifier and the signified, a comparison of two discourses is used: structuralism and post-structuralism as manifestations of the modern and postmodern ways of thought. If in modernity the name embodies the event of meaning, in postmodernity the name generates it, then with a radical break with this opposition, the name of the journal should keep meaning as a post-event subject of communication.

Purpose. The purpose of the study is connected to the projection of the artistic concept of a “new sincerity” into the politics. Formed at the end of 20th century in art and literature the trend of the “new sincerity” is considered to be related to modern political discourse. The “new sincerity” is found in overcoming the destructive power of irony and the revival of time-tested universal values. Supporters of the “new sincerity” seek in their work to revive those values that leave people vulnerable to the outside world, but make them more humane following David Foster Wallace - an American ideologist and popularizer of this trend. The author of the article proceeds from the premise that the modern media environment is disposed to manifestations of the “new sincerity” and creates conditions for the penetration of this trend into the sphere of political communication. Results. The “new sincerity” in politics is understood as open positioning of politicians through self-identification and offer of the same open position to their addressees. Examples of this communicative trend in political discursive practices are presented by texts of different genres in the present study. Congratulation of the Ukrainian people on the New Year’s day by the President of Ukraine Vladimir Zelensky (2020) serves as the example of the destruction of the format of the New Year’s speech of the head of state on the basis of the “new sincerity” strategy. The pre-election leaflet of the Moscow politician and public figure Maxim Katz is analyzed as an example violating the genre standards of electoral campaigning. The effectiveness of the new way of communication with the voter was confirmed by the election results. The negative effects of the “new sincerity” in public discourse are illustrated by the frank statements of politicians, deputies, officials, destroying their image as elected representatives of the people. The flip side of the “new sincerity” is that the speed and viral nature of the information transfer in new media allow people to give high-profile representation to anyone to the fullest, but at the same time they are not only represented, but also “undressed”. Conclusion. The author believes that the trend of the “new political sincerity” is being formed in the modern media environment, where the seriousness of the conversation is combined with the confidence of intonation and the explication of the personal principle of the politician, and universal values prevail over state ideologies. On the other hand, modern communication technologies do not leave a chance to conceal information about the “unpredictable sincerity” of politicians and officials, which becomes objects of critical reflection in the new media reality.

The article draws on the data gathered from Russian media-political discourse and presents the model a “protest” as a mass-media concept. The cognitive and discursive analysis of media reports on civil protests during the elections to Moscow City Duma in 2019 (on the website www.aif.ru) allows to nuance the conceptual structure of protests in the worldview of modern Russian society and to reveal the trends in the concept dynamics from the standpoint of ideology and meaning. The article defines dominant psycholinguistic scenarios and intent models, the specificity of discursive practices of Russian political protests, intentions and style of journalists, and tools employed to generate a specific communicative impact on the audience. In the texts published on the website www.aif.ru, the negative image of a protesting opposition activist is created through the use of the dominant scenario “Deception” in combination with “Planning / Intention” and “Lack of propriety”. The intent group “Us” is assessed positively (self-representation), less often neutrally (information), while the intensity of the negative assessment of the group “Them” (“strangers”) increased as the protests progressed (from “criticism” to “accusation” and subsequently to “exposure”). The primary communicative strategies for presenting protesters are the strategies of attacks on reputation and diminishing credibility.

The trend in the study of photo content in the modern media space is gaining momentum and actualizes the problems of interpreting a visual image. Under the influence of technological innovations, the photographic process is being transformed and requires not only professional self-reflection, but also a detailed study based on modern approaches and methods of text reconstruction. The method of semiotic analysis and the method of the language field allow us to identify and interpret the meanings embedded in photo projects. The semiotic interpretation is focused on the analysis of the visual image, which is a culturally determined system of signs. In turn, the language field method allows you to identify key concepts in a certain topic and associate them with peripheral ones that complement the core. In this article, the promise of using these methods is demonstrated on the material of photoprojects by V. Klamm and F. Telkov.

The article considers the impact of CH. Perelman’s new rhetorical theory on post-truth phenomenon. Although the term “post-truth” appeared in the 1990s the peak of its popularity is the 2016-2020s. In 2016 the Oxford dictionary ranked it as the most used word in the media. The reason for this popularity according the most researchers is related to the spread and functioning of social networks where objective facts are less important in comparison with emotions and personal beliefs. The last five years are characterized by an increasing number of works in which the phenomenon of post-truth is investigated in the aspects of political science, social sociology, psychology, ethics. However, over the years not a single publication has appeared that treats post-truth as rhetorical phenomenon. The author of the article tries to fill this gap and highlight the main characteristic of post-truth rhetoric. Such features include a biased selection of facts and the way they are placed in media text, rigid scheme which includes four elements: a media person, criminal plot, step by step development of narrative and non-finished final. In the first of the scheme the media person can act as an organizer of an actual or imaginary event or as on object of extremal influence (a victim). The criminal nature of the plot is associated with a violation of the normal course of things. Moreover, such a violation should not be a one-time act but should assume development through the accumulation of new details. Also, to become a post-truth the event must contain the development potential associated with collision of opposite version explaining its meaning. In a situation of post-truth the role of the speaker in relation to audience changes. The speaker seeks not so much to join those who disagree with his point of view as to strengthen the split of the recipients who oppose each other. Thus, the post-truth as a method of information warfare and / or mastering the mass consciousness has become possible thanks to radical change in the media space excluding control over it. At the same time, its hidden premises appeal to the new rhetorical theory of Ch. Perelman.